热泵技术在船舶领域的应用

介绍了船用水源热泵系统的设计思路、设计方法 ,以及具体的设计方案。评价了水源热泵系统优点。依托某两型客船的研究、设计与建造,从船型需求入手,通过了解这两型客船的营运区域、舒适度要求等,并从设计原理、控制逻辑、供热系统等几个方面展开了设计。同时对比同型船常规供热系统的设计方案,分析比较节能效果,确定了最合适的节能系统。     

静水压力作用的水下结构振动及声辐射

采用有限元／边界元方法开发了静水压力作用的水下结构振动与声辐射的计算程序。依据不同分析域的特点，对结构域和流体内域采用有限元方法，对流体外域采用边界元方法。分析了流体一结构相似特性，使通过对常规结构有限元分析程序中的参数作合理设置，使之能直接用于内域流体声学有限元分析。流体外域采用边界元方法，选取合适的格林函数，能够考虑无穷远和自由液面边界条件。流体对结构的作用表现附加质量和附加阻尼。采用FORTRAN代码计算外域流体附加质量和附加阻尼矩阵，采用结构有限元分析程序对结构和内域流体作有限元分析，采用DMAP代码将附加质量和附加阻尼同结构质量矩阵和阻尼矩阵相叠加，实现了流固耦合计算。通过几何刚度矩阵对结构刚度矩阵修正来考虑静水压力对结构声辐射的影响。     

Pareto optimisation of railway bogie suspension damping to enhance safety and comfort

This paper presents the optimisation of damping characteristics in bogie suspensions using a multi-objective optimisation methodology. The damping is investigated and optimised in terms of the resulting performances of a railway vehicle with respect to safety, comfort and wear considerations. A complete multi-body system model describing the railway vehicle dynamics is implemented in commercial software Gensys and used in the optimisation. In complementary optimisation analyses, a reduced and linearised model describing the bogie system dynamics is also utilised. Pareto fronts with respect to safety, comfort and wear objectives are obtained, showing the trade-off behaviour between the objectives. Such trade-off curves are of importance, especially in the design of damping functional components. The results demonstrate that the developed methodology can successfully be used for multi-objective investigations of a railway vehicle within models of different levels of complexity. By introducing optimised passive damping elements in the bogie suspensions, both safety and comfort are improved. In particular, it is noted that the use of optimised passive damping elements can allow for higher train speeds. Finally, adaptive strategies for switching damping parameters with respect to different ride conditions are outlined and discussed.     

Variability of river plumes off Northwest Iberia in response to wind events

The Western Iberian Buoyant Plume (WIBP) is a low-salinity lens formed by river discharge and continental run-off extending along the shelf off Northwest Iberia. The variability of this structure is evaluated with a numerical model forced by real meteorological data and climatologic river discharge during late 2002, when conditions were those of a typical autumn. The direction and intensity of the wind-induced Ekman transport, but also the previous conditions and the duration of the event are found to determine plume behavior. We have identified three characteristic situations: a) confinement of the plume to the coast during downwelling — southerly-winds, b) expansion of the plume during the declining phase of the downwelling event by relaxation of the wind, and c) expansion of the plume by upwelling — northerly-winds. The short time scale of the response of the plume (1–3 h) adds timing between wind events and the phase of the tide as an additional source of variability. In all cases the Iberian Poleward Current (IPC), a saltier and warmer poleward current flowing over the slope, responds as well to wind changes. Furthermore, our simulations illustrate how topography and differences in the river discharge induce local differences in dynamics. Comparisons to available observations show a reasonable model skill. Differences between wind measurements and wind forcing applied to the model appear to be a major source of uncertainty in model results.     

某乘用车离合踏板布置及人机优化

从人机工程角度出发，参考相关标准规定的布置要求及多款竞品车型离合踏板布置，并依据本企业标准及操作舒适性评价结果，对离合器踏板力及行程进行优化。优化后的离合踏板力及行程舒适性得到明显提升。     

Effect of wave boundary layer on sea-to-air dimethylsulfide transfer velocity during typhoon passage

A full-spectral third-generation ocean wind–wave model (Wavewatch-III) implemented in the South China Sea is used to investigate the effects of the wave boundary layer on the drag coefficient and the sea-to-air transfer velocity of dimethylsulfide (DMS) during passage of Typhoon Wukong (September 5–11, 2000) with a maximum sustained wind speed of 38 m s^− 1. The model is driven by the reanalyzed surface winds (1° × 1°, four times daily) from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction. It is found that the wave boundary layer evidently enhances (16.5%) the drag coefficient (in turn increases the momentum flux across the air–sea interface), and reduces (13.1%) the sea-to-air DMS transfer velocity (in turn decreases the sea-to-air DMS flux). This indicates the possibility of important roles of wave boundary layer in atmospheric DMS contents and global climate system.     

横向加速度对道路线形舒适性影响的评价分析

汽车在道路上行驶，其舒适性受到各种因素的综合影响，其中加速度或减速度的影响尤为显著。就加减速度对行车舒适性的影响进行了探讨，得出不同情况下横向加速度的计算公式以及不同的横向加速度变化率对行车舒适性的影响。并以实例具体说明如何评价横向加速度对行车舒适性的影响。     

青藏铁路开放边界块碎石类路基速度场和温度场特征非线性分析

针对青藏高原多风的特点及其气温和地质条件,在考虑全球变暖的条件下,研究青藏铁路开放块碎石夹层路基和开放块碎石护坡路基的速度场及其在未来50年的温度场变化特征。结果表明,在外界风的作用下,两种块碎石路基的道砟层和块碎石层内的对流换热方式以强迫对流为主;在年平均气温为-4.0℃,考虑未来50年青藏高原气温升高2.2℃条件下,这两种路基结构均能不同程度地抵消气候变暖和铁路建设所带来的负面影响,对其下部多年冻土起积极保护作用,但开放块碎石夹层路基的降温效果好于开放块碎石护坡路基,而且还发现在铁路运营50年后开放块碎石护坡路基内部将出现终年融化夹层,这一问题应引起设计与施工部门的重视,以采取相应的措施来维护这种冻土路基的多年稳定。     

空调硬卧车内人体热舒适性研究

针对目前空调硬卧车内气流分布不均匀,不同铺位的乘客对车厢内的热舒适感差别较大这一现状,采用计算流体动力学对空调硬卧车内流场和温度场进行了数值模拟,研究了空调硬卧车内空气流动速度和温度分布规律及热舒适评价指标PMV和人体吹风感指标PD分布状况。研究结果对于改变目前车厢内上、中、下铺气流分布不均的现状,改善车厢内人体热舒适环境提供了理论依据。     

Effects of sediment resuspension on organic matter processing in coastal environments: A simulation model

A model, constructed using STELLA™, was used to simulate changes in standing stocks and flows of organic matter resulting from sediment resuspension in shallow coastal environments. Previous studies suggested that resuspension may determine the sites and rates of organic matter mineralization in shallow environments (Hopkinson, 1985, 1987). Those studies predicted that resuspended organic material could exert an enhanced demand on dissolved oxygen. Our model results support this hypothesis. Total system metabolism receives increasing contributions from the water column as settling rate decreases. Water column respiration also increases relative to benthic respiration as the frequency and intensity of resuspension events increases. This is driven by higher specific degradation rates in the water column than in the benthic environment. Furthermore, overall respiration (benthic + pelagic) increases in response to resuspension.