基于加速度阻尼控制的半主动悬挂研究

半主动悬挂是改善铁道车辆振动、提高乘坐舒适度的有效对策。但由于铁道车辆的特殊性和复杂性,车辆动力学系统的精确数学模型很难获得,这限制了现代控制理论在实用化半主动悬挂中的应用;而天棚阻尼控制所需车体的绝对速度很难测量,若采用测得车体加速度积分得到车体绝对速度的方法,其传感器的误差和系统噪声会导致车体绝对速度产生误差,从而影响减振效果。基于上述原因,本文提出加速度阻尼控制方法,即采用与车体加速度成正比的振动衰减力来抑制车体振动,并对加速度阻尼控制方法稳定性进行理论分析和仿真研究。仿真结果证明:与被动悬挂相比,车体振动加速度有效值和最大值在各速度级分别减少了55%~63%和53%~66%,Sperling乘坐指数也得到明显改善;且加速度阻尼控制具有很好的鲁棒性和适应性。可见该方法能有效地提高铁道车辆的平稳性和乘坐舒适性。     

Experimental research on friction-reduction with super-hydrophobic surfaces

Many recent studies have confirmed the existence of liquid slip over particular types of solid surfaces, and these so-called super-hydrophobic surfaces have been shown to generate effective liquid slip because of the air trapped between the surface structures. In this paper, based on boundary layer theory, the microscopic structure of the super-hydrophobic surface is analyzed. The liquid slip effect on friction-reduction over super-hydrophobic surfaces under various flow conditions is investigated by experiments with a flume and water tunnel. The experimental results show that the greatest amount of drag-reduction that can be achieved is 8.76% at a low Re.     

Investigating the influence of rail grinding on stability,vibration, and ride comfort of high-speed EMUs using multi-body dynamics modelling

ABSTRACT

High-speed electric multiple units (EMUs) have been popularised rapidly all around the world and have become a major transportation method. Increases in running velocity and wheel-rail deterioration lead to excessive vibration and reduced ride comfort, which are common issues encountered in the operation of high-speed EMUs. While built-in sensors on a car body are able to detect abnormal vibrations in the car body itself, they cannot effectively reflect the ride comfort of passengers. Wheel-rail profile matching can improve the wheel-rail interaction, and rail grinding has thus been introduced as a practical solution to alleviating the aforementioned problems. Nonetheless, the working mechanism of rail grinding has not been investigated theoretically. This study develops flexible car body and human body models based on the rigid-flexible coupled method to systematically study the effects of wheel-rail wear and rail grinding on passenger ride comfort. Case studies show that the proposed models can predict the ride comfort of passengers accurately. It is also demonstrated that rail grinding can significantly alleviate excessive vibration and improve passenger ride comfort in the long term. A long-term investigation reveals that rail grinding can improve the smoothness of the rail surface and reduce the damage to the rail.     

A novel neuro-fuzzy controller to enhance the performance of vehicle semi-active suspension systems

This paper proposes a neuro-fuzzy (NF) strategy to implement semi-active suspension in passenger vehicles. The proposed method is composed of two parts: a NF controller (NFC), to establish an efficient controller strategy to improve ride comfort and road handling (RCH), and an inverse mapping to estimate the semi-active suspension current. To effectively estimate the current needed to control the semi-active damper, an inverse mapping based on neural network, modified back-propagation (MBP) is presented. The inverse mapping is incorporated into the FC to enhance RCH. Given the relative velocity between the mass and the base and also the absolute acceleration of the mass, the FC computes the optimum damping coefficient. The fuzzy logic rules are extracted based on expert knowledge encapsulated in skyhook and groundhook. A quarter-car model was adopted for the purpose of simulating and experimenting with the proposed NFC. To verify the performance of the FC, two sets of results are reported. First, an experimental analysis was performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the FC in comparison with the benchmark skyhook and Rakheja–Sankar controllers. Furthermore, a random input was considered to examine the robustness of the NFC in comparison with the other adopted controllers. It was shown that the developed NFC control enhances the performance of the quarter-car system significantly, in terms of both ride comfort and handling characteristics. Second, four FCs with the same control strategies were implemented on a full-vehicle model to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy in reducing the propensity to rollover. It was concluded that the developed FC enhances the RHC and also has the potential to increase the stability of vehicles.     

On the achievable performance using variable geometry active secondary suspension systems in commercial vehicles

There is a need to further improve driver comfort in commercial vehicles. The variable geometry active suspension offers an interesting option to achieve this in an energy efficient way. However, the optimal control strategy and the overal performance potential remains unclear. The aim of this paper is to quantify the level of performance improvement that can theoretically be obtained by replacing a conventional air sprung cabin suspension design with a variable geometry active suspension. Furthermore, the difference between the use of a linear quadratic (LQ) optimal controller and a classic skyhook controller is investigated. Hereto, an elementary variable geometry actuator model and experimentally validated four degrees of freedom quarter truck model are adopted. The results show that the classic skyhook controller gives a relatively poor performance while a comfort increase of 17–28% can be obtained with the LQ optimal controller, depending on the chosen energy weighting. Furthermore, an additional 75% comfort increase and 77% energy cost reduction can be obtained, with respect to the fixed gain energy optimal controller, using condition-dependent control gains. So, it is concluded that the performance potential using condition-dependent controllers is huge, and that the use of the classic skyhook control strategy should, in general, be avoided when designing active secondary suspensions for commercial vehicles.     

平面交叉口智能化竖向设计

在比较国内外已有的平面交叉口竖向设计软件基础上，提出一种全新的交叉口数学模型——MESH—GRID模型。基于该模型的交叉口设计方法简捷、精确，适用于所有交叉口样式，能快速绘制等高线、标注板块高程，更能实时直观的查看、调整交叉口设计面三维模型。     

Comparing and presenting city-level transportation CO2 emissions using GIS

In 2011, the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR) inventory of diffuse emissions became available, providing data on a range of atmospheric emissions at a 5 km resolution across Europe. The data are produced from spatially disaggregated emissions totals for countries, and must be validated before being used at a sub-national level. The UK government maintains a 1 km resolution emissions inventory based on a bottom-up methodology by which a validation is possible. The UK National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory data are used to assess at what geographic scale the new E-PRTR data might be most useful. This paper compares the two data sets and estimates city-level transportation CO₂ emissions for 149 EU cities. We find that at a functional boundary level the two datasets match well.     

高频振动对横向和垂向乘坐舒适度影响的基础研究

介绍了日本为开发评定包括新干线列车在内的铁道车辆乘坐舒适度的更适用方法而开展的试验研究成果.     

Integration of car-body flexibility into train–track coupling system dynamics analysis

The resonance vibration of flexible car-bodies greatly affects the dynamics performances of high-speed trains. In this paper, we report a three-dimensional train–track model to capture the flexible vibration features of high-speed train carriages based on the flexible multi-body dynamics approach. The flexible car-body is modelled using both the finite element method (FEM) and the multi-body dynamics (MBD) approach, in which the rigid motions are obtained by using the MBD theory and the structure deformation is calculated by the FEM and the modal superposition method. The proposed model is applied to investigate the influence of the flexible vibration of car-bodies on the dynamics performances of train–track systems. The dynamics performances of a high-speed train running on a slab track, including the car-body vibration behaviour, the ride comfort, and the running safety, calculated by the numerical models with rigid and flexible car-bodies are compared in detail. The results show that the car-body flexibility not only significantly affects the vibration behaviour and ride comfort of rail carriages, but also can has an important influence on the running safety of trains. The rigid car-body model underestimates the vibration level and ride comfort of rail vehicles, and ignoring carriage torsional flexibility in the curving safety evaluation of trains is conservative.     

计算流体力学中变形运动边界处理方法及应用

自然界中很多问题的物理模型具有运动和变形两大特征，它们在计算流体力学中的动边界处理一直是研究的难点。介绍了一种适用于该类问题的动边界处理方法，即通过人工确定模型边界的变化状态，实时重新生成计算网格。以商业软件FLUENT作为数值模拟平台，利用二维鱼类C形起动的算例详细介绍了这种动边界处理方法。对算例结果作了实验对比与理论分析，发现这种方法能有效处理物体运动过程变形的边界变化，能给数值模拟过程中动边界处理方法提供借鉴。