竖向荷载下超大群桩受力变形分析

根据模型试验研究结果，分析了在竖向荷载作用下超大群桩基础的荷载传递特点、群桩的承载性关和桩侧摩阻力的发挥特性。试验结果表明。在本试验条件下，荷载在桩间的分配，最终以中心部分桩受到的荷载量大；桩身下部轴力明显小于上部轴力；随荷载的增加，桩身侧摩阻力由下部先行发挥并逐步向上发展。     

城市轨道交通差异化票价和补贴优化

为研究不同群体，即一般群体和特殊群体(老年人、残疾人、学生)的票价方案和补贴问题，本文考虑不同群体的差异性，以各群体的票价折扣率和列车开行间隔为决策变量，构建基于群体差异化的运营补贴优化模型，以社会福利最大化为目标，优化各群体的票价折扣率、企业的服务水平及政府的补贴额度，确保各群体获得合适的补贴，实现公共交通出行的公平性。综合考虑城市轨道交通运输能力约束、政府财政约束及不同群体票价折扣率约束，设计了基于模拟退火算法的求解算法。以长沙地铁2号线为例，分析比较不同群体的票价折扣率，提出基于列车运行计划的福利票价方案。研究结果表明，一般群体不享受折扣，残疾人4折优惠，老年人2折优惠及学生6折优惠，交通特殊群体的出行比分别提升了1.06%，2.86%及1.94%。政府在实施补贴政策时，可以通过不同群体的票价福利措施和企业的服务水平确定补贴额度。     

Probabilistic risk analysis of flying ballast hazard on high-speed rail lines

Flying ballast is a significant safety concern for high-speed train operations on ballasted tracks. It is the phenomenon of a ballast particle displaced from the track, due to the aerodynamic force induced by a passing train traveling above a certain speed. Flying ballast can potentially damage tracks and rolling stock, thereby posing a risk to high-speed rail operations. This paper develops a Probabilistic Risk Analysis (PRA) model based on the information available from the field and the literature. The model enables a quantitative assessment of the probability of ballast particle displacement at a particular position on the track, as well as the probabilistic distribution of the total number of ballast particles that are expected to move. The model accounts for various risk factors, such as train speed, ballast gradation, and track position. The model application is illustrated using a ballasted track on the Yellow River Bridge on the Beijing-Shanghai high-speed rail line in China. The analysis finds that flying ballast probability increases when train speed increases, in particular, the problem of flying ballast becomes more pronounced when train speed exceeds 350 km per hour (217 miles per hour). Flying ballast probability might be reduced when the ballast profile is lower, given all else being equal. In addition, flying ballast probability is expected to be higher at the center of the track than in other positions. The proposed risk model can be further developed and ultimately be used to evaluate route-specific flying ballast risk, enabling the identification, assessment, and comparison of risk mitigation strategies in order to support emerging high-speed rail operations.     

职业院校班级管理艺术

论述了在处理班级事务时坚持“一个标准”；在班级管理上充分发挥“四套班子”的作用；建立《家长联系簿》充分调动和运用学校、家庭和社会三个方面力量参与班级管理。     

小议资本管理的现实意义及其实质

资本管理是现代商业银行发展的必然趋势,是现代商业银行经营管理的核心内容。从四个层面来分析我国银行业强化资本管理的现实意义及其实质内涵,提出了中国银行业建立有效的资本管理机制的基本途径。     

地铁车站人群集散能力瓶颈风险评价

城市轨道交通日益增长的需求与有限的地铁站空间之间的矛盾日益加剧,引发地铁站内拥挤位置的人群集散风险评价及人流控制成为亟待解决的问题,提出选取人流密度、关联人群组数和人流负荷率作为瓶颈点风险的评价指标,给定各指标的量化打分方式并制定各得分情况下指标的风险等级。借鉴LED评分法,提出风险值计算公式D=K·N·S以确定人群集散风险等级,为集散管理提供判断依据。结合武汉市洪山广场地铁站乘客流通情况,采用Anylogic仿真模拟得到相关人流参数,根据制定的瓶颈点风险评价标准对其风险进行评价,得出该车站整体集散风险处于中等水平的结论,并针对结果提出应加强乘客引导,增设栏杆分流及增加检票口等风险控制策略。评价结果与实际基本相符,为地铁站内人群集散瓶颈风险评价及控制提供决策依据。     

Prospect Theory for joint time and money consequences in risk and ambiguity

Transport users face complex decisions. Not only are the consequences of their choices uncertain, but they generally involve several attributes, such as time and money. Time-money tradeoffs have been studied in depth in transport economics, and research is now paying increasing attention to the role of uncertainty and information in transport decisions. This paper aims to measure the impact of uncertainty and information on multi-attribute decisions using Prospect Theory. In doing so, the study makes two contributions to transportation literature: one methodological and the other empirical. First, we propose a fast and tractable method for measuring Prospect Theory parameters that capture attitudes towards probabilities (probability weighting function) and attitudes towards losses (loss aversion). The elicitation method does not require the elicitation of the utility function. This makes it particularly suitable in complex multi-attribute decisions where the shape of the utility function is unknown. Second, we present the results of an experiment that uses the proposed method to measure, at the individual level, probability weighting in decisions involving joint time and money consequences in two decision contexts: risk (where probabilities are given) and ambiguity (where the probability distribution is unknown). An experimental setup that exposes subjects to real gains and losses for money and time has been built for this purpose. We observe inverse S-shaped probability weighting and loss aversion for risk. Probability weighting is even more pronounced in ambiguity, where subjects do not have precise information about the probability distribution. We explain how these results and the analysis of ambiguity attitudes in general can offer a better understanding of travelers’ route or transport mode choices.     

Risk of increasing temperature due to climate change on high-speed rail network in Spain

With more than 3,200 km of track, the Spanish high-speed rail network is the longest network in Europe and the second largest in the world after China. Due to its geographical location in southern Europe, the entire network is exposed to periods of elevated temperatures that can cause disturbances and severe disruptions such as rail deformation, or in the worst case, lateral track buckling. In this study, the vulnerability of the current Spanish high-speed rail network is analysed in terms of track buckling failures with a Monte Carlo simulation. Downscaled temperature projections from a range of Global Climate Models (GCMs), under three Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP4.5, RCP6.0 and RCP8.5), were forced in a buckling model and particularized for different segments of the network. With that, the proposed methodology provides the number of rail buckles expected per year by assuming current maintenance standards and procedures. The result reveals significant increase in the occurrence of buckling events for future years, mainly in the central and southern areas of mainland Spain. However, relevant variations are found in different climates and time horizon scenarios in Spain. The anticipated buckling occurrences highlight the vulnerability of the Spanish rail network in the context of global warming scenarios. Overall, the proposed methodology is designed to be applicable in large-scale railway networks to identify potential buckling sites for the purpose of understanding and predicting their behaviour.     

Group attitude and hybrid sanctions: Micro-econometric evidence from traffic law

In many legal domains hybrid sanctions – i.e. the joint use of both monetary and non-monetary sanctions – are usually applied. We suggest that one possible rationale behind this form of sanction is targeting group-specific deterrence. For some groups of agents, hybrid sanctions act indeed as a self-selection mechanism such that deterrence is obtained only after a critical threshold of infractions is reached. We apply our model to traffic law infractions and further test it, performing a micro-econometric analysis on a unique dataset of a representative sample of 50,000 Italian drivers, over six years (2003–2009), after the introduction of a penalty points system. Our findings empirically confirm our theoretical predictions. When repeated infractions are at stake, well-designed hybrid sanctions, such as the penalty point system designed for traffic law enforcement, may indeed increase overall deterrence. Our results shed new light on the role of the combined monetary and non-monetary sanctions to perform general and specific deterrence.     

关于船舶签证执法风险的思考

船舶签证是海事管理工作的重要环节,文章从行政不作为、船舶适航性审查、恶劣天气条件影响三个方面分析了船舶签证的执法风险,提出了降低执法风险的几点建议。