Explore the relationship between online shopping and shopping trips: An analysis with the 2009 NHTS data

The rapid growth of ecommerce brings great changes to the transportation system. However, most existing studies focus on the impact of ecommerce on freight system. Its impact on personal trips is relatively less studied. It is reasonable to argue that online shopping reduces the need of shopping trips by making goods accessible via door-to-door deliveries. On the other hand, online shopping may also create more shopping trips as online shoppers travel to stores to experience, compare or pick up the goods. Understanding the connections between online shopping and shopping trips is critical for transportation planners to prepare for changes that information technology will continue to bring to this nation in the future. Using the 2009 National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) data and a structural equation model (SEM), this paper disentangles the bidirectional connections between online shopping and shopping trips. Results show that online shopping encourages shopping trips while shopping trips tend to suppress the online shopping propensity. Besides, both online shopping and shopping trips are influenced by exogenous factors such as shoppers’ demographic features, regional specific factors and household attributes. A closer examination at the state level further confirms model validity while disclosing spatial variation in their relationship.     

基于精细化DEM建模的冷再生混合料断裂性能分析

冷再生沥青混合料包含水泥、乳化沥青、旧料等成分，具有材料组成复杂、界面结构多变的特点，其对冷再生混合料的抗裂性能具有显着影响。以冷再生沥青混合料的断裂性能为研究对象，提出一种精细化的数值建模方法，该方法包括细观结构特征精细重构和力学参数精确获取。采用彩色乳化沥青区分材料内部真实组成结构，并经过图像处理和MATLAB程序处理导入离散元（DEM）数值仿真软件中，进行冷再生混合料结构精细化重构；结合SEM原位力学测试方法获取考虑试件尺寸和加载速率影响的沥青砂浆精确力学参数，建立精细化的离散元数值仿真模型；基于精细化建模开展冷再生沥青混合料断裂性能和关键失效机理分析，并通过室内试验进行验证。数值仿真和室内试验结果表明：基于细观结构精细化重构和材料参数精确获取的离散元建模方法可以有效模拟分析冷再生沥青混合料的断裂性能；冷再生混合料的整体断裂特性属于脆性断裂，抗拉强度低的冷再生沥青砂浆是混合料内部的薄弱区域，混合料内部主要断裂界面为冷再生沥青砂浆-骨料界面。提高沥青砂浆黏聚强度和材料内部界面强度可以显著改善冷再生沥青混合料的抗裂性能。     

庆大霉素损害鸡耳蜗后毛细胞再生的超微结构及其与听功能恢复的关系

给实验组鸡按50mg／（kg·d）剂量肌注庆大霉素共10d后，间隔1、3、6、9和12d对实验组和对照组鸡耳蜗电位（Ap）及听觉脑干诱发电位（ABR）进行测定，随后处死动物，用透射电镜（TEM）和扫描电镜观察鸡基底乳头（BP）毛细胞再生的超微结构和过程，结果可见毛细胞再生来源于Bp表层扁平状或立方形上皮细胞，在早期再生毛细胞胞质密度高，含有大量的线粒体，随后静纤毛长出，细胞核出现，表皮极发育成熟时静纤毛束形成，其毛细胞底部的神经末梢已长出，此时伴有Ap和ABR阈值的恢复。说明再生毛细胞形态成熟时已具有听觉功能的恢复，再生毛细胞在受损耳蜗听功能的恢复过程中起主要作用。     

再生粗集料微观特征及性能研究

为研究建筑垃圾再生粗集料在沥青稳定碎石中的应用,借助扫描电子显微技术（SEM）观察再生粗集料的表面微观形态,发现其表面存在微裂缝及多处开口空隙。参照《公路工程集料试验规程》对再生粗集料的各项性能指标进行试验研究,并与天然集料进行对比,通过试验得出了再生粗集料具有表观密度小、吸水率高、压碎值高、针片状含量大、磨耗值大的特点,为其在沥青稳定碎石中的应用提供参考。     

Evaluation of risk attitude in the shipping freight market under uncertainty

ABSTRACT

The main purpose of this study is to examine how market participants take risks, in other words, what their risk attitude/preference is, and how their risk attitude could be related to the shipping freight and other markets. To address them, we calibrated the risk attitude of participants in shipping freight markets from 2007 to 2013, and provided an example of the application of risk attitude. For market participants, risk attitude/preference has an important role in understanding shipping freight markets and managing risks under uncertainty. However, risk attitude is not directly observable. To achieve this, we applied a framework that consists of structural model and calibration with market data. We interpreted risk attitude and confirmed that a structural break occurred around 2008 for the calibrated risk attitude parameter. The average risk attitude of market participants tended to be more risk-averse after 2010. We conducted an additional analysis to provide an example of the application of calibrated risk attitude, using structural equation modeling to calculate a latent variable that reflected other commodity markets. We compared the risk attitude parameter and the latent variable, and clarified the relationship between the risk attitude parameter and commodity markets.     

聚合物水泥基材料的机理分析

显微电镜扫描发现:聚合物胶乳膜在水泥水化产物中穿梭,最终形成聚合物膜的网状结构;乳液改性混凝土时,过渡区的结构紧密,强度较高,过渡区与集料之间的粘结也较强,集料在改性混凝土浆体中深深地镶嵌且成为强度的核心;聚合物的加入使混凝土孔径分布图向微孔(<10μm)处移动,小孔径所占比例增加;在水泥与聚合物的复合体系中,随着孔隙率的减小,抗压强度减小。红外光光谱分析表明:当聚灰比为15%时,丁苯5050乳液参与了水泥的水化,但不太明显;SD622S羧基丁苯参与了水泥的水化,并且形成的化学键增强。     

二灰土快速养生技术研究

通过对石灰、粉煤灰和土进行物理、力学性质试验,以高温养生、标准养生为手段,通过配合比试验、抗压回弹模量试验、劈裂强度试验,对二灰土的力学性能进行了系统研究,取得了基本研究参数。通过对试验数据进行回归分析,得到高温养生与标准养生条件下材料的强度增长规律关系,从而由短龄期的高温养生强度确定标准养生下180d龄期的强度。并利用电镜扫描技术,对高温养生和标准养生条件下试样的微结构进行观测对比分析。研究表明,高温养生可以改善二灰土的微结构,显著地提高其早期强度,缩短稳定材料的养生龄期,快速确定二灰土的设计参数和施工配合比设计主要控制指标,解决目前工程设计和施工周期长的问题。     

基于SEM模型的轨道交通企业员工满意度评价

员工满意度的高低直接影响着企业经营活动的效率。本文首先介绍了结构方程模型（SEM模型）的基本原理,然后从轨道交通企业的特点出发,建立了轨道交通企业员工满意度评价的SEM模型及指标体系,最后以深圳地铁运营分公司员工满意度评价为例,对SEM模型进行了实证性研究。     

孔结构对水泥混凝土抗冻性的影响

采用基于数字分析技术的测孔法及压汞法分别测试水泥混凝土的孔结构.研究水泥混凝土抗冻性与孔结构的关系,并对孔结构对混凝土冻融性能的影响加以分析.结果表明,掺入优质引气剂等外加剂可显著改善混凝土的孔结构,从而提高混凝土的抗冻耐久性.