桩-土作用在大型旅客站房基础设计中的应用

当大型旅客站房基础与地下出站通道重叠时,由于地下出站通道刚度大、结构超长,且属半露天地下结构,对温度作用变化明显,利用传统的刚性固结模型对站房基础进行设计时较难得到合理的结果或造成巨大的浪费。论述桩-土作用机理的复杂性,并对桩-土作用力学模型进行分析。通过分布弹簧模型对旅客站房在温度作用下的结构内力进行分析,并与刚性固结模型计算结果进行对比,得出旅客站房基础设计考虑桩-土作用的合理化计算模式。     

Will a driving restriction policy reduce car trips?—The case study of Beijing,China

A driving restriction policy, as one of the control-and-command rationing measures, is a politically acceptable policy tool to address traffic congestion and air pollution in some countries and cities in the world. Beijing is the first city in China to implement this policy. A one-day-a-week driving restriction scheme was expected to take 20% of cars off the road every week day. Using household survey and travel diary data, we analyze the short-term effect of this driving restriction policy on individual travel mode choice. The data also allow us to identify which demographic groups are more likely to break the restriction rule. The estimates reveal that the restriction policy in Beijing does not have significant influence on individuals’ decisions to drive, as compared with the policy’s influence on public transit. The rule-breaking behavior is constant and pervasive. We found that 47.8% of the regulated car owners didn’t follow the restriction rules, and drove “illegally” to their destination places. On average, car owners who traveled during peak hours and/or for work trips, and whose destinations were farther away from the city center or subway stations, were more likely to break the driving restriction rules. Therefore, Beijing is probably in need of more comprehensive and palatable policy instruments (e.g., a combination of congestion tolls, parking fees, fuel taxes, and high-speed transit facilities) to effectively alleviate traffic congestion and air pollution.     

Accessibility and transport infrastructure improvement assessment: The role of borders and multilateral resistance

The market potential indicator is a commonly used tool in transport planning for evaluating the potential economic effects derived from improvements in transport infrastructures. The general assumption is that exports from a given region will rise with increased accessibility, thus benefiting economic activities. However, the specification of the market potential model is typically very simple and ignores both the impact of competing rivals and the role of international borders, which leads to unrealistic results. Spatial interaction models on bilateral trade have already proved that international trade is affected by multilateral resistance, borders, adjacency, language or currency. Nevertheless, apart from some recent analyses that simply calibrate the distance decay parameter from trade datasets, these variables have hardly been integrated into research on market potential. This paper sets out to demonstrate that more realistic results are obtained by calibrating the distance-decay parameter and introducing the impact of competing rivals and border effects into the market potential formulation. The proposed model is then applied to the assessment of the accessibility impacts of new road transport infrastructure in the European Union between 2001 and 2012, which shows that the greatest improvements in accessibility were experienced by peripheral countries with high road infrastructure investment.     

Evolving competition between Hong Kong and Shenzhen ports

Shenzhen Port (SZP), once a negligible local port, has risen dramatically to a world-leading container port and an “equal” player with Hong Kong Port (HKP). Will this market share reallocation continue, or will equilibrium be eventually realized for HKP to prosper continuously? We examine the relationship between these two ports to answer this question. We propose a new transformation method to describe the growth of container cargo transport demand, define the quantitative measures of the competition relationship and port competitiveness, and present a rigorous analytical framework with econometric tests and models to understand the true relationship between HKP and SZP. Direct empirical tests suggest that SZP complements HKP; however, the two ports exhibit strong competition when the effect of demand growth is excluded. Considering transshipment separately, we find that the impact of SZP on HKP is negative in transshipment but complementary in direct shipment. We may conclude that HKP does not affect SZP, whereas SZP has competitive power over HKP. These results are consistent with the findings of some previous theoretical studies.     

整体式桥台的箱梁剪滞效应分析

针对整体式桥台的箱梁固有的力学特性,建立有限元模型,对其在不同荷载作用下剪滞系数的横向和纵向分布规律进行研究,并将结果与普通简支箱梁进行比较。通过有机玻璃模型试验验证了有限元建模分析的可行性、准确性,同时作了参数分析,提出了可供工程设计参考的实用剪滞系数计算表。分析结果表明:该类箱梁剪滞分布与普通简支箱梁的不同主要在于桥台附近截面出现了负剪滞现象;整体式桥台的纵向抗弯刚度、主梁宽跨比、宽高比及不同荷载形式等是影响该类桥梁剪滞系数的主要因素。     

水位下降对边(滑)坡稳定性的影响

通过PLAXIS有限元程序对一边坡算例进行分析,根据实际工程的需要选择理想弹塑性模型和莫尔-库仑屈服准则进行数值模拟,并对比分析了土体分别设置为排水条件和不排水条件时的情况。计算结果表明,当土体设置为排水条件时,在库水水位下降过程中,安全系数随水位的下降逐渐减小,但当水位下降了20 m以后,由于孔隙水压力给滑面提供了竖直方向的作用力,随着水位的继续下降安全系数反而略有上升。当土体设置为不排水条件时,坡体内产生的超孔隙水压力对边坡安全系数的降低更为明显。考虑坡体内超孔隙水压力时安全系数的计算结果比不考虑坡体内超孔隙水压力时的计算结果低10%左右,因此实际工程中应该充分考虑超孔隙水压力的积累和消散,并根据"最不利水位"所对应的安全系数进行校核。在计算过程中PLAXIS程序能较好地模拟水位下降引起的渗流作用对边(滑)坡稳定性的影响。     

桥梁结构地震碰撞效应及防落梁措施研究现状

介绍了桥梁结构地震碰撞效应及防落梁措施方面的一些近期进展。在介绍了接触碰撞问题的计算理论及分析方法的基础上,对地震作用下相邻桥梁结构间碰撞效应的理论以及试验研究进展进行了回顾和总结;并针对地震中桥梁上部结构发生落梁的问题,介绍了减轻相邻梁体间碰撞的措施、桥梁伸缩缝处的支承宽度、纵向限位器的设计方法、横向抗震挡块的设计方法等研究方面的进展,分析了各国抗震设计规范对桥梁伸缩缝处支承宽度的规定,同时指出目前我国在这方面研究的欠缺。     

基于能量变分原理的薄壁箱梁自振特性分析

以能量变分原理为基础,综合考虑剪力滞后效应、剪切变形和转动惯量的影响,推导出箱形截面梁的控制微分方程和相应的自然边界条件,据此获得几种常用边界条件(简支、悬臂、连续、两端固支)的固有频率方程,提出一种能对工程中常用矩形薄壁箱梁自振特性进行分析的方法。通过算例将解析解与板壳有限元结果进行了比较,证明了该方法的有效性,所得公式比以往剪滞理论有一定发展,且为箱形梁桥动力特性的进一步研究奠定了理论基础。     

摩托车发动机油气分离器的改进设计

用油气分离器将机油和燃烧室窜气分离,燃烧室窜气引入空滤器后再次进入燃烧室进行二次燃烧,从而避免了曲轴箱废气直接排入大气污染环境的现象.     

二次补气阀的技术要求和试验方法

二次补气阀是摩托车发动机排放净化的关键零部件之一,通过单向进气阀从外界吸入空气到排气管内,为氧化催化剂的高效工作补充氧含量,通过调整设定单向进气阀的金属簧片厚度、簧片止口和开口区面积等参数,可控制补气量的大小。