Young drivers and graduated licensing: The Ontario case

Despite improvements in road safety over the past several decades, accident rates remain high for young drivers. One accident countermeasure that is expected to improve the safety record of this group is graduated licensing. The philosophy behind this licensing system is that novice drivers, of whom the majority are young, should be restricted to relatively safe driving environments during the initial learning period. Graduated licensing was implemented in the Province of Ontario, Canada in 1994. The objective of this study is to estimate the potential benefits and costs for young drivers associated with two components of the Ontario graduated licensing package: the late-night driving curfew and the high-speed roadway restrictions. Based on accident and travel data for the year 1988, accident-involvement rates per kilometre driven were calculated for different driver groups for various combinations of time of day and roadway speed limit. These rates were then applied to the expected mobility profiles of young drivers affected by graduated licensing. The results of the study support the late-night curfew and suggest that this component of the licensing package should reduce total accident involvements for the affected group by up to 10 percent and fatal accident involvements by up to 24 percent, while reducing their total driving by only four percent. By contrast, the empirical evidence suggest that the high-speed roadway restrictions are likely to increase accident involvements, and thus it is strongly recommended that this component of Ontario's graduated licensing package be changed.     

洋山深水港区一期工程航行安全模拟试验研究

运用电子操纵模拟器 ,预演了第六代集装箱船在各种不利航行条件下进出洋山深水港区的航行过程 ,分析了风、浪、流等环境因素对船舶操纵的影响 ,确定了船舶安全进出港所需的航道宽度、船舶安全靠泊条件和掉头操纵水域尺度。大量的模拟试验研究结果证实 :洋山深水港区具有良好的船舶航行条件 ,船舶按一期工程小洋山方案 (一 )、小洋山方案 (二 )以及小洋山～镬盖塘方案进行靠离泊和掉头操纵无本质差异 ,主要不同点在于船舶通过窄口后小洋山方案 (一 )和小洋山方案 (二 )比小洋山～镬盖塘方案有较长的制动水域     

机车车辆动力学研究及发展

机车车辆动力学在最近10年得到迅速发展,考虑车辆—轨道耦合作用的耦合模型得到广泛应用。随着大跨距跨江铁路桥的建设,车和桥的耦合振动会引起接触网的振动,进而影响弓网的耦合振动。因此十分有必要开展接触网—受电弓—机车车辆—线路—桥梁耦合大系统动力学的研究。进行机车车辆动力学性能优化,必须首先确定机车车辆动力学三要素的优先关系,即运行的稳定性—安全性—平稳性,建立以列车为研究对象的模型,同时在模型中考虑机车车辆结构弹性和频变特征悬挂参数以及气流扰动的影响,进而进行灵敏度分析和参数优化。给出考虑频变特性的钢弹簧等效计算方法以及基于循环变量的列车系统动力学建模和计算方法,并验证了计算方法的有效性。     

船舶运输精矿粉的安全监管

介绍了船舶运输精矿粉发生的一些严重事故,全面分析了船舶运输含水量过大精矿粉所存在的危险性因素,并根据原因分析提出对此类船舶的安全监督管理建议。     

日产VG30E发动机废气再循环系统的结构、工作原理及检修

日产VG30E发动机采用典型的电子控制废气再循环系统,其废气再循环系统的工作由微机集中控制系统(ECCS)根据相关传感器输入的信号进行控制。介绍了该系统的结构、工作原理及控制过程。在该系统的检修中,介绍了该系统工作情况的检查,控制阀的检修,电磁阀的检修,以及检修实例。     

Reliability-based calibration of fatigue design guidelines for ship structures

A simple reliability-based framework is applied to calibrate a new set of fatigue design guidelines. This new guideline considers two different approaches for the assessment of both loads, stresses and local stress raising effects, and partial safety factors must be given for any combination of these approaches. For the calibration, the lognormal reliability format is adopted because the hereby-derived partial safety factors can be combined arbitrarily. This means that with a few basic partial safety factors, the combination of partial safety factors to be applied together with any combination of calculation approaches can be determined easily. In the present paper both the adopted reliability format, the applied modeling of uncertainties and the selected target safety index are explained. Based on this, a new guideline is calibrated and the derived partial safety factors are presented. Finally, the new guideline is applied through a numerical example in order to show the applicability of the calibrated partial safety factors, and satisfactory results are found.     

Mobile phone use while driving: public opinions on restrictions

This paper reviews two road-user surveys on the use of mobile phones on the road in Finland where the mobile phone ownership rate is highest in the world (70% in August 2000). From 1998 to 1999 the proportion of drivers that chose to use a mobile phone while driving rose from 56% to 68%, while the proportion of phone using drivers who experienced dangerous situations due to phone use rose from 44% to 50%. The proportion of drivers who used their phones in some way to benefit safety on the road remained at about 55%. The youngest, novice drivers had the highest level of phone usage of all age categories. Over 48% of the interviewees believed that the government should ban the use of hand-held mobile phones while driving, and another 27% believed that all types of mobile phone use should be banned while driving. Those drivers who used their phones the most each day were more likely to want some form of restrictions, than those who had lower usage. This is a strong message to the elected lawmakers and raises the problem of exactly how regulatory bodies would go about controlling the future growth of new driver support and non-driving related communication devices in road vehicles. It was concluded that legislating for hands-free use only would be a reasonable course of action. Mandating that the current generation of equipment should be optimized for hands-free use should result in future generations of in-vehicle equipment also being optimized for hands-free use as a minimum criterion.     

提速电力机车安全监测系统及判据研究

对目前提速电力机车的运用安全、修程修制等问题作了简明的阐述,提出机车安全监测系统研制的总体方案及故障判别原则。     

浅述施工企业安全工作的科学管理

传统安全管理模式的着眼点是在系统运行阶段,致使事故防不胜防。而科学化安全管理,其着眼点是在对危险进行预先识别、分析和控制上,变“事后处理”为“事先控制”,防患于未然。企业管理者必须要转变观念,以人为本,提高专业素质,采用形式多样的人性化管理手段,才能促进现代施工尤其是隧道施工企业安全工作尽早实现科学管理。     

SMS评价指标的确定

通过对SMS要素的层次结构分析,提出了评价SMS的依据,确定评价指标的原则,并确定了SMS的评价指标和评价指标权重。