Estimating the long-term effects of different passenger car technologies on energy/fuel consumption and emissions of greenhouse gases in Europe

Abstract

A stated preference (SP) experiment of car ownership was conducted in Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR) of Maharashtra in India. A full factorial experiment was designed to considering various attributes such as travel time, travel cost, projected household income, car loan payment and servicing cost. Data on 357 individuals were collected which resulted in 3213 observations for the calibration of the work trip and recreational trip car ownership models. The car ownership alternatives considered 0, 1 and 2 cars. A multinomial logit framework was used to develop the car ownership model taking the household as a decision unit. The specification and results of the SP car ownership model are discussed. The observed and predicted values matched reasonably when the validity of the SP car ownership model was tested against revealed preference (RP) data. The car ownership models developed in this study exhibit a satisfactory goodness of fit. It is concluded that the SP modelling approach can be successfully used for modelling car ownership decisions of households in developing countries.     

私家车交通事故频发原因及防治措施

随着我国经济的迅速发展,汽车保有量急剧增加,私家车数量也大幅增多,由私家车引发的交通事故也随之呈现出上升趋势。从人为因素、车辆因素、道路因素及对私家车行车安全产生影响的诸多方面,探讨私家车交通事故频发的原因,并从私家车驾驶员、道路交通管理部门以及车辆技术的改进等方面提出防治措施。     

基于出行链方式的私人小汽车出行属性分析方法研究

在经济飞速增长,私人小汽车保有量迅速增加的背景下,本文以私人小汽车使用者为研究对象,旨在探索有效的出行行为分析方法,挖掘私人小汽车出行属性规律,为制定有效的私人小汽车管理措施,缓解城市交通拥挤提供重要的参考依据.本文首先从潜在内部属性和行为属性的角度对私人小汽车的出行属性进行分析;其次,引入基于家出行链分析方法,将基于...     

The tax treatment of company cars, commuting and optimal congestion taxes

In Europe, the preferential tax treatment of company cars implies that many employees receive a company car as part of their compensation package. In this paper, we consider a model in which wages and the decision whether or not to provide a company car are the result of direct negotiation between employer and employee. Using this framework, we theoretically and numerically study first- and second-best optimal tax policies on labour and transport markets, focusing on the role of the tax treatment of company cars. We obtain the following results. First, higher labour taxes and a more favourable tax treatment of company cars raise the fraction employees that receives a company car; congestion and congestion tolls reduce it. Second, in countries that provide large implicit subsidies to company cars, eliminating the preferential tax treatment of company cars may be an imperfect but quite effective substitute for currently unavailable congestion tolls. The numerical illustration, calibrated using Belgian data, suggests that it yields about half the welfare gain attainable through optimal congestion taxes. Third, the favourable tax treatment of company cars justifies large public transport subsidies; the numerical results are consistent with zero public transport fares. Finally, we find that earlier models that ignored the preferential tax treatment of company cars may have substantially underestimated optimal congestion tolls in Europe. The numerical illustration suggests that about one third of the optimal congestion toll we obtain can be attributed to the current tax treatment of company cars.     

非接触式接触网检测车车体振动位移补偿系统

介绍了一种采用激光雷达(LMS)测距定位,非接触式测量接触网检测车车体振动位移系统,其基本原理是LMS得到车体相对于轨道的位移和角度,并通过以太网向从机发送数据.从机处理后向上级检测主机实时传输补偿数据,对动态拉出值进行补偿.     

乘用车未燃碳氢化合物排放规律解析

基于乘用车汽油发动机未燃碳氢化合物排放产生机理分析,根据某型乘用车怠速HC排放实测样本数据,分析并研究了HC排放的统计规律,建立了描述这种统计规律的分布函数与分布密度函数数学模型。验证表明,利用所建数学模型得到的计算结果与样本实测结果高度吻合。在此基础上,提出了修改在用汽车排气污染物限值国家标准的具体建议,并指出应强化I／M制度以有效地控制在用汽车的排放污染。     

Six years of CO2-based tax incentives for new passenger cars in The Netherlands: Impacts on purchasing behavior trends and CO2 effectiveness

There is growing evidence that consumers respond more effectively to upfront price signals, such as vehicle purchase taxes and feebate policies, and to tax incentives that are more salient than others, such as company car taxes graded by CO₂ emissions. This paper examines tax changes in The Netherlands, which are among the most stringent and most salient in Europe, and assesses the ex-post purchasing impacts and CO₂ effectiveness of six years of CO₂-based tax incentives for low-carbon cars in The Netherlands. Dutch tax incentives resulted in 13 g/km, or 11% lower average CO₂ emissions in 2013. The Netherlands has moved from the 12th position before the tax changes in 2007 to become Europe’s number one in terms of the lowest average new car CO₂ emissions and highest share of electric vehicles in 2013. Tax incentives for new cars sold between 2008 and 2013 have resulted in 4.6 million tons of potential lifetime CO₂ abatement at the cost of a drop in tax revenues of 30–50%. However, when corrected for the Dutch policy-induced increasing real-world fuel-economy shortfall and leakage of carbon reduction potential through vehicle export of low-carbon cars, only 3.5 million tons or 75% of the CO₂ reduction remains. CO₂-based tax incentives for company cars seem to have contributed the most to the observed turnaround in purchasing behavior towards lower CO₂-emitting passenger cars.     

A simple reservation and allocation model of shared parking lots

With increasing auto demands, efficient parking management is by no means less important than road traffic congestion control. This is due to shortages of parking spaces within the limited land areas of the city centers in many metropolises. The parking problem becomes an integrated part of traffic planning and management. On the other hand, it is a fact that many private parking spots are available during daytime in nearby residential compound because those residents drive their cars out to work. These temporarily vacant parking lots can be efficiently utilized to meet the parking demand of other drivers who are working at nearby locations or drivers who come for shopping or other activities. This paper proposes a framework and a simple model for embracing shared use of residential parking spaces between residents and public users. The proposed shared use is a winning strategy because it maximizes the use of private resources to benefit the community as a whole. It also creates a new business model enabled by the fast-growing mobile apps in our daily lives.     

镇江市天然气汽车推广应用分析研究

本文以镇江市天然气汽车的推广应用情况和配套设施情况为基础,分析天然气汽车推广应用存在的问题,有针对性地提出推广应用天然气汽车的政策建议。