Empirical analysis of short period traffic counts and their efficiency: the case of Indian traffic

Short period traffic counts (SPTCs) are conducted routinely to estimate the annual average daily traffic (AADT) at a particular site. This paper uses Indian traffic volume data to methodically and extensively study the effect of four aspects related to the design of SPTCs. These four aspects are: (i) for how long, (ii) on which days should SPTCs be carried out, (iii) how many times, and (iv) on which months should SPTCs be carried out? The analyses indicate that the best durations for conducting SPTCs are 3 days (starting with a Thursday) and 7 days, for total traffic and truck traffic, respectively. Further, these counts should be repeated twice a year keeping a separation of two months between the counts to obtain good estimates of AADT at minimal cost. An additional outcome of this study has been the determination of seasonal factor values for roads in developing economies, like India.     

Electric vehicles for greenhouse gas reduction in China: A cost-effectiveness analysis

There have been ongoing debates over whether battery electric vehicles contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions in China’s context, and if yes, whether the greenhouse gas emissions reduction compensates the cost increment. This study informs such debate by examining the life-cycle cost and greenhouse gas emissions of conventional vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles and battery electric vehicles, and comparing their cost-effectiveness for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The results indicate that under a wide range of vehicle and driving configurations (range capacity, vehicle use intensity, etc.), battery electric vehicles contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions compared with conventional vehicles, although their current cost-effectiveness is not comparable with hybrid electric vehicles. Driven by grid mix optimization, power generation efficiency improvement, and battery cost reduction, the cost-effectiveness of battery electric vehicles is expected to improve significantly over the coming decade and surpass hybrid electric vehicles. However, considerable uncertainty exists due to the potential impacts from factors such as gasoline price. Based on the analysis, it is recommended that the deployment of battery electric vehicles should be prioritized in intensively-used fleets such as taxis to realize high cost-effectiveness. Technology improvements both in terms of power generation and vehicle electrification are essential in improving the cost-effectiveness of battery electric vehicles.     

Environmental impacts of public transport systems using real-time control method

Public Transport (PT) systems rely more and more on online information extracted from both operator’s intelligent equipment and user’s smartphone applications. This allows for a better fit between supply and demand of the multimodal PT system, especially through the use of PT real-time control actions/tactics. In doing so there is also an opportunity to consider environmental-related issues to approach energy saving and reduced pollution. This study investigates and analyses the benefits of using real-time PT operational tactics in reducing the undesirable environmental impacts. A tactic-based control (TBC) optimization model is used to minimize total passenger travel time and maximize direct transfers (without waiting). The model consists of a control policy built upon a combination of three tactics: holding, skip-stops, and boarding limit. The environmental-related measure is the global warming potential (GWP) using the life cycle assessment technique. The methodology developed is applied to a real life case study in Auckland, New Zealand. Results show that TBC could reduce the GWP by means of reduction of total passenger travel times and vehicle travel cycle time. That is, the TBC model results in a 5.6% reduction in total GWP per day compared with an existing no-tactic scenario. This study supports the use of real-time control actions to maintain a reliable PT service, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and subsequently moving towards greener PT systems.     

钢板桩常规施工工艺及涂层受损问题

针对钢板桩施工问题,以马来西亚槟城吹填二期(STP2)工程为例,对Z型钢板沉桩机具选型及沉桩工艺进行研究。通过对比3种国外常用的钢板桩沉桩阻力估算方法及含导向架和无导向架施工的实际应用效果,优选出适合沉桩的振动锤型,并总结出两种沉桩方法的优劣性及适用情况,总结陆上钢板桩作业涂层常见受损问题及修复措施。     

船闸闸室结构的船-墙碰撞三维有限元分析

以江苏某重力式船闸闸室结构为例,采用ABAQUS软件建立船舶-闸室结构-土体三维有限元模型,对船舶撞击闸室进行瞬态动力分析,得到不同工况下的撞击力时程曲线和撞击力值等结果。研究结果表明:船舶撞击闸室的法向平均撞击力大小与船舶排水量的12次方、撞击速度的1次方、撞击角度的1次方成线性关系;将软件模拟的船舶法向撞击力数值与依据JTJ 307—2001《船闸水工建筑物设计规范》得到的计算值比较,发现规范公式得到的数值普遍偏小,低估了过闸船舶撞击力的影响。     

城市快速路匝道最小间距模型

匝道间距是路线设计中的重要内容,对交通流有决定性的影响。根据城市快速匝道的特点,应用驾驶员行为理论,模拟了驾驶员城市快速匝道上的驾驶行为。认为匝道间距是影响城市快速路主线运行状况的关键因素。为了合理确定匝道最小间距,必须确定匝道组合模式和计算匝道加减速车道长度,并计算出车流从匝道汇入主线后,由于车流变道而形成交织车流长度。由此建立了不同匝道组合模式下的匝道最小间距模型。应用实例表明。当匝道间距不能满足最小间距时,车速降低,服务水平下降。     

冻融作用下的沥青混合料力学特性

冻融损坏是冰冻地区沥青混合料的主要破坏形式。通过冻融循环作用下的沥青混合料单轴压缩和劈裂强度试验,分析了冻融循环次数、油石比等因素对沥青混合料力学特性的影响。试验得出,冻融循环次数和油石比对混合料的抗压和劈裂抗拉特性均有影响,油石比越小,影响越明显;在最佳油石比5.5%时,混合料的抗冻性能最好;冻融循环次数对沥青混合料力学特性的影响逐渐减弱,在10~12次冻融循环后,沥青混合料冻融后的强度和模量损失率均逐渐趋于稳定。     

未来城市交通技术发展与创新 ——“交通7+1论坛”第五十二次会议

随着移动互联网、大数据和人工智能等技术发展,城市交通系统中涌现出“共享交通”“需求响应式出行服务”“无人驾驶”“城市交通大脑”等新兴的交通工具、服务模式和管理手段,未来交通系统将面临创新发展的机遇,并对传统交通行业带来巨大挑战.本次论坛以“未来城市交通技术发展与创新”为主题,分析了预约交通系统的发展前景,探讨了超级交通仿真系统的相关核心技术,分析了无人驾驶的发展、挑战及仿真技术,说明了大数据和人工智能技术在城市智慧发展中的作用与运用要点.     

血液酒精浓度对驾驶行为的影响研究

为了探讨饮酒对驾驶员驾驶行为的影响,以驾驶模拟器为平台,测试了13名驾驶人员在不同血液酒精浓度（0mg/dl,20mg/dl,50 mg/dl,80 mg/dl）、不同场景下加速、刹车情况并调查了其主观感受。进行数据分析后初步得到一些结论：饮酒（特别是在较高血液酒精浓度的情况下）确实会对驾驶行为产生影响并可能会导致某些危险驾驶行为;性别和驾驶经验也会对不同酒精浓度下的驾驶行为产生影响。     

氯离子在混凝土中渗透行为的研究

文章在干湿循环和全浸泡两种条件下，研究了氯离子在混凝土中的渗透性能，并考虑扩散系数随时间变化的因素．为准确地预测实际工况混凝土结构的使用寿命提供参考。