能见度不良时的船舶操纵

[内容提要]阐述能见度不良时船舶的行动规则及近距离避让的避让方法,以使船舶驾驶人员能从中得到启发,采取必要的避让措施,确保航行安全。     

船舶碰撞事故发生前、后的船长行为

船舶碰撞在船舶海事中占很大比例，造成经济损失巨大，对船舶和船员的人命安全造成巨大威胁。航海人员正确执行、应用和理解海上避碰规则是降低海上碰撞事故最重要的途径。在碰撞已不可避免时，应积极采取有效措施减少经济损失和海上污染。本文重点研讨船舶碰撞不可避免时船长和高级船员应采取的减轻损失行动，做好证据采集，为以后商务处理争取主动。     

Development and validation of side-impact crash and sled testing finite-element models

Side-impact collisions are the second leading cause of death and injury in the traffic accidents after frontal crashes. Side-impact airbags, side door bars and other protection techniques have been developed to provide occupant protection. To confirm the effectiveness of protection equipment installed in vehicles, studying the degree of impact is fundamental to understand the effect of automobile collisions on the human body. Therefore, the dynamic response of the human body to traffic accidents should be analyzed to reduce the level of occupant injuries. Generally, the experimental method is complex and expensive. Recently, numerical crash simulations have provided a valuable tool for automotive engineers. This work presents full-scale and sled side-impact test finite-element (FE) models - based on the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 214 - that simulate a side-impact accident. The crash simulations utilized the LS-DYNA finite-element code. The human body's dynamic response to crashes is discussed herein. Additionally, occupant injuries were measured. To verify the accuracy of the proposed crash test and sled test FE models, simulation results are compared with those obtained from experimental tests. The comparison results indicate that the proposed crash test and sled test FE models have considerable potential for assessing a vehicle's crash safety performance and assisting future development of safety technologies.     

初探恐怖主义攻击给AIS带来的隐患

当前恐怖主义已成为国际公害．网络安全也存在隐患。因此,有必要对AIS进行一些有关网络安全方面的探讨,以及早发现问题,防患未然。此文从AIS作为一种网络通信系统的角度出发,应用网络安全及船舶避碰的相关知识,初步探讨了AIS在恐怖主义活动下所存在的隐患。     

Study on the framework of hybrid collision warning system using loop detectors and vehicle information

Safety warning systems generally operate based on information from sensors attached to individual vehicles. Various types of data used for collision risk calculation can be categorized into two types, microscopic or macroscopic, depending on how the sensors collect the information of traffic state. Most collision warning systems use only either of these types of data, but they all have limitations imposed by the data, such as requirement of high installation cost and high market penetration rate of devices. In order to overcome these limits, we propose a collision warning system that utilizes the integrated information of macroscopic data and microscopic data, from loop detectors and smartphones respectively. The proposed system is evaluated by simulating a real vehicle trip based on the NGSIM data. We compare the results against collision warning systems based on macroscopic data from infrastructure and microscopic data from Vehicle-to-Vehicle information. The analysis of three systems shows two findings that (a) ICWS (Infrastructure-based Collision Warning System) is inadequate for immediate collision warning system and (b) VCWS (V2V communication based Collision Warning System) and HCWS (Hybrid Collision Warning System) produce collision warning at very similar timing, even with different behavior of individual drivers. Advantages of HCWS are that it can be directly applied to existing system with small additional cost, because data of loop detector are already available to be used in Korea and smartphones are widely spread. Also, the computation power distributed to each individual smartphone greatly increases the efficiency of the system by distributing the computation resources and load.     

避碰规则适用的时机

国际海上避碰规则何时开始适用于会遇的两船，不讼对于海上避碰还是对于海上避碰中碰撞责任的划分都是非常重要的。该文对一个多世纪以来英美两国相关的海事判例和学术观点进行了回顾，在此基础上结合典型案例对经进行了分析，并论述了与规则适用问题相关的几种特殊情况。     

试样极限塑性和船舶触礁模型试验校准计算

船舶碰撞与搁浅时的结构损伤是一个复杂的动态非线性过程。国际船舶与离岸结构会议碰撞与搁浅委员会（ISSC－V.3)组织其成员进行了两项专题研究：（1）材料极限塑性极限应变试验数据用于有限元模型计算时的尺度修正系数；（2）各种计算方法用于船舶搁浅（触礁）计算的准确性。介绍了作者承担上述两项研究的成果，给出了极限塑性极限应变的尺度修正系数的计算方法和结果，论证了非线性有限元显式积分方法及MSC／Dytran软件用于搁浅计算的准确性。     

船-桥碰撞力学问题研究现状及非线性有限元仿真

归纳研究了船舶与桥梁碰撞力学的几种典型计算方法，并对各自的特点进行了分析。文中借助DYTRAN非线性有限元程序，以一艘4万吨级的油船与长江上某一斜拉索桥发生正向碰撞为例，演示了有限元法仿真计算船-桥碰撞问题的一般过程。反映了船-桥碰撞过程中船艏、桥梁承合、桥面和拉索的力与变形的时间历程，得到了具有指导意义的结论。     

N轮与S轮碰撞事故解析

上海港吴淞口和圆圆沙灯船之间碰撞事故较多,2004年N轮与S轮碰撞一案具有一定的典型性。本文就该案例进行探讨,分析事故原因及应吸取的教训。     

汽车侧碰移动变形壁障有限元模型的开发

按照ECER95法规对移动变形壁障性能的要求及验证试验的方法，建立了移动变形壁障的有限元模型，并进行了验证试验仿真，仿真结果满足法规的要求，验证了模型的正确性。