Congestion and pollution consequences of driving-to-school trips: A case study in Beijing

Parents compete for high-quality education for their children by enrolling them in good schools. However, in a Chinese mega-city like Beijing, three factors jointly lead to the spatial separation between schools and homes: the centralized public goods provision mechanism, the historical dependency in school location, and the constrained supply of housing in downtown. Without an adequate number of school buses, this spatial separation of schools and homes triggers the numerous long-distance driving-to-school trips by private vehicle during workday morning rush hours in Beijing. We use the start and end dates of “school holiday” as exogenous repeated shocks to the aggregate traffic congestion, and employ the two-stage least squares (2SLS) regression approach to examine the congestion and pollution consequences of such driving-to-school trips in Beijing. We find that, all else being equal, workdays during school holidays have a traffic congestion index 20% lower than that of non-school-holiday workdays. Such a sharp reduction in congestion leads to a significant decrease in PM₁₀ concentration. Policymakers should lower such “extra” congestion and environmental costs via optimizing the spatial balance between school supply and demand.     

Optimizing the locations of electric taxi charging stations: A spatial–temporal demand coverage approach

Vehicle electrification is a promising approach towards attaining green transportation. However, the absence of charging stations limits the penetration of electric vehicles. Current approaches for optimizing the locations of charging stations suffer from challenges associated with spatial–temporal dynamic travel demands and the lengthy period required for the charging process. The present article uses the electric taxi (ET) as an example to develop a spatial–temporal demand coverage approach for optimizing the placement of ET charging stations in the space–time context. To this end, public taxi demands with spatial and temporal attributes are extracted from massive taxi GPS data. The cyclical interactions between taxi demands, ETs, and charging stations are modeled with a spatial–temporal path tool. A location model is developed to maximize the level of ET service on the road network and the level of charging service at the stations under spatial and temporal constraints such as the ET range, the charging time, and the capacity of charging stations. The reduced carbon emission generated by used ETs with located charging stations is also evaluated. An experiment conducted in Shenzhen, China demonstrates that the proposed approach not only exhibits good performance in determining ET charging station locations by considering temporal attributes, but also achieves a high quality trade-off between the levels of ET service and charging service. The proposed approach and obtained results help the decision-making of urban ET charging station siting.     

地铁高架槽形梁足尺模型破坏试验与空间分析研究

通过某城市地铁高架试验段槽形梁桥足尺模型破坏试验,测定结构的极限承载能力,研究其空间受力变形特性及破坏特征。试验结果表明,结构在正常使用和极限状态下的极限荷载分别为设计荷载的1.68和3.0倍,具有足够的安全系数。三维有限元数值计算结果表明,底板存在剪力滞后现象,越接近梁端愈明显。底板纵向剪应力最大值出现在梁端附近截面底板与腹板相交处,支座脱空效应对脱空支座位置的底板应力影响较大,设计中需对梁端进行局部加强处理。跨中截面腹板出现拉应力,最大可达0.91 MPa,设计中应考虑设置一定的竖向抗拉钢筋,防止裂缝产生。     

京津冀一体化轨道交通协调发展研究和展望

京津冀协同发展上升为国家战略,需要区域轨道交通协调发展来支撑和服务于区域一体化发展。从京津冀协同发展空间布局及产业转移的角度出发,提出各种轨道交通的层次及服务功能,在此基础上对轨道交通协调发展研究提出应抓住规划,处理好既有轨道交通与新增轨道交通、客货运主要通道与交通引导(TOD)、各种轨道交通间协调衔接等方面关系;加快投融资改革,实施同步建设;创新体制,实现管理协调发展;加大政策扶持,达到轨道交通可持续发展等方面进行研究,同时对区域轨道交通进行展望,对京津冀一体化轨道交通协调发展研究方向、研究领域和空间进行了浅议。     

智能公交乘客信息服务数据库设计

本文从车载、站台以及控制中心三方面分析了智能公交乘客信息服务系统,重点介绍了站台触摸屏公交查询系统中数据库的设计.查询系统数据库以ACCESS进行描述,创建了公交信息的存储结构,以ADO.NET与数据库进行连接访问,实现了对公交站点线路的查询.以VB.NET编程实现了起始站点名称选择和点击地图两种方式的公交站点查询、线路查询以及具有最少换乘次数的出行路径查询.     

Monitoring Median Queries over Moving Objects

The k-median problem has attracted a number of researchers. However, few of them have considered both the dynamic environment and the issue of accuracy. In this paper, a new type of query is studied, called continuous median monitoring (CMM) query. It considers the k-median problem under dynamic environment with an accuracy guarantee. A continuous group nearest neighbor based (CGB) algorithm and an average distance medoid (ADM) algorithm are proposed to solve the CMM problem. ADM is a hill climbing schemed algorithm and achieves a rapid converging speed by checking only qualified candidates. Experiments show that ADM is more efficient than CGB and outperforms the classical PAM (partitioning around medoids) and CLARANS (clustering large applications based on randomized search) algorithms with various parameter settings.     

围岩空间变异性对隧道结构可靠度的影响分析

采用随机场模型能够有效地模拟围岩参数的空间变异性。文章将局部平均随机场理论、有限差分法和Monte-Carlo模拟结合在一起,得到了Monte-Carlo随机有限差分法,基于该方法编制了可考虑围岩空间变异性的隧道结构可靠度计算程序;并将围岩密度、弹性模量和内摩擦角等参数视为三维正态随机场,研究了围岩的竖向与水平向相关距离的变化对隧道结构可靠度的影响。计算结果表明,围岩空间变异性会显著影响隧道结构的可靠度,为了获得更为经济合理的支护方案,在支护设计时考虑围岩参数的空间变异性很有必要;围岩竖向或水平向相关距离的增大均会引起隧道结构失效概率的增加,但影响程度不同;隧道结构失效概率对围岩竖向空间变异性更加敏感,故在工程勘察费用较少时,可考虑将勘察费用更多地投入到竖向相关距离的勘测,水平向相关距离可参考已有经验数据取值。     

On accommodating spatial dependence in bicycle and pedestrian injury counts by severity level

This paper proposes a new spatial multivariate count model to jointly analyze the traffic crash-related counts of pedestrians and bicyclists by injury severity. The modeling framework is applied to predict injury counts at a Census tract level, based on crash data from Manhattan, New York. The results highlight the need to use a multivariate modeling system for the analysis of injury counts by road-user type and injury severity level, while also accommodating spatial dependence effects in injury counts.     

A GIS‐based traffic analysis zone design: implementation and evaluation

The purpose of this paper is to implement an efficient method for GIS‐based traffic analysis zone (TAZ) design in order to evaluate and validate such a method. The method was developed by the authors.

Moran's I spatial autocorrelation coefficient and sample variance are used for evaluating the generated TAZs using the Champaign‐Urbana, IL region as a case study. Sensitivity analysis is also conducted to explore the fluctuations in TAZ generation outcomes. The evaluation, the validation as well as the TAZ design have been implemented with ARC/INFO GIS software on a UNIX workstation platform.     

Habitat characteristics as determinant of the structure and spatial distribution of epibenthic and demersal communities of Le Danois Bank (Cantabrian Sea, N. Spain)

The purpose of this paper is to detect and describe general trends in the spatial distribution of epibenthic and demersal communities of Le Danois Bank (El Cachucho) in relation to the environmental variables that characterize their habitat by means of multivariate ordination. Data were derived from two multidisciplinary surveys carried out in October 2003 and April 2004 included in the ECOMARG project. The surveys were focused on the study of the physical scenario, including both geological (seabed characterization from bathymetry and backscatter data) and hydrographic features, and the different compartments of the benthic fauna (endobenthic, epibenthic, suprabenthic and demersal communities). For the present study, epibenthos and demersal species were sampled using two different gears, a 3.5 m beam trawl and a Porcupine 39/52 type baca otter trawl respectively. The total species richness combining both samplers ascended to 221, including 71 species of fishes, 65 crustaceans, 35 molluscs, 29 echinoderms, 10 cnidarians and 5 sponges.Multivariate methods were used for the study of the characteristics of communities and habitats. Hierarchical cluster analysis was applied to calculate and visualize similarities between samples in terms of species composition. To assess the amount of variation of faunal densities related to a set of eight environmental variables, a redundancy analysis (RDA) was used. The set of environmental variables used were: depth, near-bottom temperature and salinity, sedimentary typology (dry weight percentages of coarse sands, medium and fine sands, silt and organic matter) and seafloor reflectivity. Using the spatial distribution of the ranges of depth and seafloor reflectivity that characterize the habitats of the faunal assemblages we defined the spatial distribution of the different communities.The multivariate analysis of 18 beam-trawl samples and 15 otter trawl samples showed the existence of 4 main assemblages associated with the more characteristic habitats of the area. The Callogorgia–Chimaera community live mainly in the areas at the top of the Bank (425–550 m depth), where the sediment coverage is lower and there exists a high presence of rocky outcrops. The Gryphus–Galeus community were found in the areas at the top of the Bank covered by medium and fine sand sediments with low organic matter content. The Phormosoma–Trachyrincus community live on the sedimentary terraces that characterize the Bank break (550–800 m) and the Pheronema–Deania community occupy all the deeper (800–1050 m) sedimentary grounds of the inner basin.