Use of a novel dataset to explore spatial and social variations in car type,size, usage and emissions

The ’MOT’ vehicle inspection test record dataset recently released by the UK Department for Transport (DfT) provides the ability to estimate annual mileage figures for every individual light duty vehicle greater than 3 years old within Great Britain. Vehicle age, engine size and fuel type are also provided in the dataset and these allow further estimates to be made of fuel consumption, energy use, and per vehicle emissions of both air pollutants and greenhouse gases. The use of this data permits the adoption of a new vehicle-centred approach to assessing emissions and energy use in comparison to previous road-flow and national fuel consumption based approaches. The dataset also allows a spatial attribution of each vehicle to a postcode area, through the reported location of relevant vehicle testing stations. Consequently, this new vehicle data can be linked with socio-demographic data in order to determine the potential characteristics of vehicle owners.This paper provides a broad overview of the types of analyses that are made possible by these data, with a particular focus on distance driven and pollutant emissions. The intention is to demonstrate the very broad potential for this data, and to highlight where more focused analysis could be useful. The findings from the work have important implications for understanding the distributional impacts of transport related policies and targeting messaging and interventions for the reduction of car use.     

Measuring transport related CO2 emissions induced by online and brick-and-mortar retailing

We develop a method for empirically measuring the difference in transport related carbon footprint between traditional and online retailing (“e-tailing”) from entry point to a geographical area to consumer residence. The method only requires data on the locations of brick-and-mortar stores, online delivery points, and residences of the region’s population, and on the goods transportation networks in the studied region. Such data are readily available in most countries. The method has been evaluated using data from the Dalecarlia region in Sweden, and is shown to be robust to all assumptions made. In our empirical example, the results indicate that the average distance from consumer residence to a brick-and-mortar retailer is 48.54 km in the studied region, while the average distance to an online delivery point is 6.7 km. The results also indicate that e-tailing increases the average distance traveled from the regional entry point to the delivery point from 47.15 km for a brick-and-mortar store to 122.75 km for the online delivery points. However, as professional carriers transport the products in bulk to stores or online delivery points, which is more efficient than consumers’ transporting the products to their residences, the results indicate that consumers switching from traditional to e-tailing on average reduce their transport CO₂ footprints by 84% when buying standard consumer electronics products.     

Environmental impacts of transformative land use and transport developments in the Greater Beijing Region: Insights from a new dynamic spatial equilibrium model

This paper reports the insights into environmental impacts of the ongoing transformative land use and transport developments in Greater Beijing, from a new suite of dynamic land use, spatial equilibrium and strategic transport models that is calibrated for medium to long term land use and transport predictions. The model tests are focused on urban passenger travel demand and associated emissions within the municipality of Beijing, accounting for Beijing’s land use and transport interactions with Tianjin, Hebei and beyond. The findings suggests that background trends of urbanization, economic growth and income rises will continue to be very powerful drivers for urban passenger travel demand across all main modes of transport beyond 2030. In order to achieve the dual policy aims for a moderately affluent and equitable nation and reducing the absolute levels of urban transport emissions by 2030, road charging and careful micro-level coordination between land use, built form and public transport provision may need to be considered together for policy implementation in the near future.     

Alternative approaches to spatial modelling

In discussion of the modelling methods that can be used to assess the impacts of transport change on regional and local economies, “land-use/transport interaction (LUTI) models” are often referred to as if all such models were examples of a single, homogeneous commodity. The first and major purpose of this paper is to correct this impression by comparing and contrasting some key features of the main models or modelling packages in the LUTI tradition, particularly those which are generally recognized as constituting the current “state-of-the-art”, or at least the “state of practice”. One particular point within the comparison will be the differing use which is made (or not made) of spatial input-output models in the different approaches.The second purpose of the paper is (more briefly) to compare LUTI modelling with alternative approaches and in particular with spatial computable general equilibrium (SGCE) modelling. One of the common features to emerge from the preceding comparison is that LUTI modelling has been mainly concerned with predicting the location of fixed totals of jobs and of households under different transport scenarios. This is a general feature, even though in some cases these totals are directly fixed by the user whilst in other cases they are the results of long chains of calculations that are insensitive to transport scenarios; in a few cases, the total levels of economic activity are variable according to accessibility-related variables. In contrast, the use of SCGE modelling in testing the impact of transport proposals is very much concerned with the consequences for the total size of the economy in question, usually with a less detailed concern for the spatial distribution of impacts. This comparison leads to a discussion of whether LUTI modelling and SCGE modelling are mutually exclusive or whether some form of synthesis or integration between the two may be theoretically appropriate and/or practically desirable. The requirements of project appraisal - i.e., the assessment of benefits - are also considered.     

柴油机气门与气门座圈摩擦副磨损机理分析

采用台式试验装置模拟内燃机气门与气门座圈的负荷环境和接触条件,通过试验研究了气门与座圈的磨损机理以及气门与座圈磨损的主要影响因素。试验结果表明,气门与座圈的磨损主要来源于气门关闭时的落座冲击和燃烧压力作用下气门在座圈上的滑动,并且与气门的关闭速度、燃烧负荷、气门相对气门座圈的不对中性及气门和座圈的材料选择等工作状态有关。     

Geodemographic analysis and the identification of potential business partnerships enabled by transit smart cards

Smart card automated fare payment systems are being adopted by transit agencies around the world. The data-storage characteristics of smart cards present novel opportunities to enhance transit services. On the one hand, there are fare policies, where smart card holders are given specific rebates on the use of the service based on usage patterns or levels. On the other, there are non-fare policies, for instance if holders receive advantages, such as rebates and offers, from commercial partners. The purpose of this paper is to present a geodemographic framework to identify potential commercial partnerships that could exploit the characteristics of smart cards. The framework is demonstrated using data from Montreal, Canada. Household survey data, specifically trip ends, and business data points are jointly used to determine the exposure of various types of establishments to users of the Montreal Metro network. Spatial analysis of business establishments in the neighborhood of metro stations helps to identify potential commercial partners. The results illustrate the potential of geodemographic analysis to generate intelligence of commercial interest.     

客车外摆式行李舱门四连杆机构设计

为了提高四连杆机构的设计效率,运用AUTOCAD二维空间运动仿真动态检验行李舱门各个部件和机构之间是否存干涉问题,并在检验干涉的过程中修正该四连杆机构设计参数,直到得到合理的机构设计参数。在满足四连杆机构设计参数合理及满足行李舱门在不同状态的要求下,通过对行李舱四连杆机构的力学分析确定出油气弹簧合理的伸展力大小和铰支点的位置,继而计算出行李舱门开启的最小力,从而获得具有较好运动力学特性的四连杆机构。     

野外办公物资车结构布局设计

针对目前军用装备运输车使用功能单一的情况,提出将办公与运输两种功能合二为一的思路,即在现用军用装备运输车的基础上,合理设计,巧妙布局,设计开发出二者兼备的特种用途军车。     

同伦迭代法的研究及其应用于机构学问题的求解

通过分析多项式映射同伦函数零点集的特性，提出了一种改进路径跟踪方案的同伦迭代方法，并论证了同伦迭代法求解非线性多项式方程组的可行性和可靠性，说明了该方法解高亏欠度多项式方程组时具有很高的计算效率。给出的机构学问题的数值实例说明了该同伦迭代法的有效性和可靠性。     

地铁渡线道岔联动及单动控制的故障处置方案比较

渡线道岔控制根据信号设备不同有联动控制和单动控制2种方案。从渡线道岔故障后的行车处置出发,对不同控制方案产生的影响进行分析和反思。在“失去表示”故障情况下,两种控制方案的处置方法和安全效率均有较大区别。采用单动控制的方案虽逻辑复杂,但故障处置更为灵活,是较好的控制方案。