钛合金载人球壳的疲劳寿命可靠性分析

本文通过引入一种改进的裂纹扩展率表达式,首先给出了深海钛合金载人球壳的疲劳可靠性模型,在对模型中各随机变量的统计特征进行分析的基础上,采用ISPUD软件中的重要样本法,计算了载人球壳的疲劳可靠性指标,证明载人球壳的疲劳强度是符合设计要求的.然后,通过对各参数的灵敏度进行分析发现,随机变量m、A、Deepth、αre对最终疲劳可靠性有显著影响,必须在设计加工阶段给予足够重视,而随机变量m与A、αre与α的相关系数对最终疲劳可靠性影响不大,在实际计算中可以忽略.     

Designing optimal autonomous vehicle sharing and reservation systems: A linear programming approach

Autonomous vehicle (AV) technology holds great promise for improving the efficiency of traditional vehicle sharing systems. In this paper, we investigate a new vehicle sharing system using AVs, referred to as autonomous vehicle sharing and reservation (AVSR). In such a system, travelers can request AV trips ahead of time and the AVSR system operator will optimally arrange AV pickup and delivery schedules and AV trip chains based on these requests. A linear programming model is proposed to efficiently solve for optimal solutions for AV trip chains and required fleet size through constructed AVSR networks. Case studies show that AVSR can significantly increase vehicle use rate (VUR) and consequentially reduce vehicle ownership significantly. In the meantime, it is found that the actual vehicle miles traveled (VMT) in AVSR systems is not significantly more than that of conventional taxis, despite inevitable empty hauls for vehicle relocation in AVSR systems. The results imply huge potential benefits from AVSR systems on improving mobility and sustainability of our current transportation systems.     

Impact of license plate restriction policy on emission reduction in Hangzhou using a bottom-up approach

Many emission models have been developed for estimating the impact of transport policies on vehicle emissions. Macroscopic models, such as MOBILE and COPERT, are used for area analysis, while microscopic models, such as CMEM, are applied for corridor analysis. It is well known that driving dynamics are critical for estimating vehicle emissions. MOVES can be used for both macroscopic and microscopic emission analysis, and its advantage lies in the consideration of driving dynamics. Using a bottom-up approach, we study the impact of license plate restriction policy on vehicle emission reduction by localizing the emission rates in MOVES according to the vehicle emission standards in China. We implement the approach to evaluate the impact on the total vehicle emissions in Hangzhou, China before and after the implementation of license plate restriction policy. In the restricted region, the reductions of total Vehicle Kilometer Traveled (VKT) and total emissions are 9.6% and 6.9%, respectively. The result shows that the license plate restriction policy is effective in achieving the targeted emission reduction.     

Promoting carsharing attractiveness and efficiency: An exploratory analysis

Carsharing has grown significantly over recent years. Understanding factors related to the usage and turnover rate of shared cars will help promote the growth of carsharing programs. This study sets station-based shared car booking requests and turnover rates as learning objectives, by which generalized additive mixed models are employed to examine various effects. The results are: (1) stations with more parking spaces, longer business hours and fewer nearby stations are likely to receive more booking requests and have a higher turnover rate; (2) an area with a higher population density, a higher percentage of adults, a higher percentage of males, a greater road density, or more mixed land use is associated with more car usage and a higher turnover rate; (3) stations nearby transit hubs, colleges, and shopping centers attract more shared car users; (4) shared cars are often oversupplied at transit hubs; (5) both transit proximity and housing price present high degrees of nonlinearity in relation to shared car usage and turnover rates. Findings provide evidence for optimizing the usage and efficiency of carsharing programs: carsharing companies should identify underserved areas to initiate new businesses; carsharing seems more competitive in a distance to a bus stop between 1.2 km and 2.4 km, and carsharing is more effectively served in areas with constraints in accessing metro services; carsharing should be optimally discouraged at transit hubs to avoid the oversupply of shared cars; local authorities should develop a location-based and geographically differentiated quota in managing carsharing programs.     

Individual trip rate transferability analysis based on a decision tree approach

Transferring trip rates to areas without local survey data is a common practice which is typically performed in an ad hoc fashion using household-based cross-classification tables. This paper applies a rule-based decision tree method to develop individual-level trip generation models for eight different trip purposes as defined in the US National Household Travel Survey in addition to daily vehicle miles traveled. For each trip purpose, the models are obtained by finding the best fitted statistical distribution to each of the final decision tree clusters while considering the correlation between the trip rates for other trip purposes. The rule-based models are sensitive to changes in demographics. The performance of the models is then tested and validated in a transferability application to the Phoenix Metropolitan Region. These models can be employed in a disaggregate microsimulation framework to generate trips with different purposes at the individual or household level.     

Is in-cabin exposure to carbon monoxide and fine particulate matter amplified by the vehicle’s self-pollution potential? Quantifying the rate of exhaust intrusion

In-cabin exposure has increased in recent years due to longer commute and/or prolonged times in cars. The intrusion of the vehicle’s own exhaust into the passenger’s compartment has been recognized as a process that amplifies in-cabin passenger exposure. Quantifying its contribution is hampered by uncertainties associated with its measurement method such as trace tests and the lack of data regarding certain critical physical parameters, particularly those pertaining to air exchange rate (AER) and particulate matter deposition rate (DR). In this study, we present a hybrid methodology combining field measurements with a single-zone mass balance to estimate these parameters as well as the source term that represents vehicle self-pollution. In- and out-vehicle carbon monoxide (CO) and fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) were monitored concurrently in test vehicles under idle and moving conditions using several common ventilation modes. In addition to defining a hybrid methodology to characterize the underlying physical parameters, this study found that vehicle self-pollution can account for approximately 15 and 30% of CO and PM_2.5 exposure experienced by vehicle occupants respectively. Vehicle self-exhaust intrusion may constitute a significant PM exposure route for vehicle-based occupations or commuters with prolonged time in vehicles.     

基于失效率变化量的燃料电池轿车可靠性分配优化

基于某燃料电池轿车用户道路采集的故障数据,分析了该车的可靠性统计特性。结合燃料电池轿车整车可靠性指标的要求,提出了基于失效率变化量的可靠性分配层次分析法,对燃料电池轿车进行可靠性指标分配优化。优化结果为提高整车及其关键零部件的可靠性和轻量化开发提供了理论依据,也为制定整车及其关键零部件的可靠性增长目标提供了技术基础。     

基于自适应奇异值标准谱和EMD的柴油机故障诊断

针对柴油机多发故障,提出了自适应奇异值标准谱和经验模态分解(Empirical Mode Decomposition,EMD)相结合的故障诊断模型。通过计算平均最近邻域发散度和奇异值标准谱的方法自适应地选择奇异值分解的嵌入维数和重构阶数,提高了奇异值分解降噪的精度。对降噪后的信号进行EMD分解,并利用调整余弦相似度标准提取反映信号真实特征的主固有模态函数(Intrinsic Mode Function,IMF),进而提取故障特征参数。将此模型应用于F3L912柴油机进气门漏气、单缸失火和多缸失火等故障的诊断,通过提取峭度和过零率作为故障特征,获得了较高的故障分类准确率。     

大跨度悬索桥锚跨索股张力计算参数影响分析

为提高悬索桥锚跨索股张力控制精度,针对锚跨索股的构造特点,基于解析法推导了锚跨索股张力控制精度的一般表达式;结合大型通用有限元计算程序,建立了锚跨索股的两种不同的力学等效计算模型,分析了拉杆的边界条件、物理特性、长度比值等因素对锚跨索股张力计算结果的影响幅度及规律。研究结果表明:拉杆的边界条件对计算结果的影响较大,且拉杆边界条件的特性随索股内部张力的变化而变化,即边界条件由铰接状态向固结状态演变;拉杆弯曲刚度对锚跨索股张力计算结果的影响,主要是由连接拉杆的长度比值决定,当拉杆长度比值小于一定限值或索股应力处于某特定状态时,可将锚跨内的双连接拉杆简化为单连接拉杆进行分析,对应的计算结果仍具有较高精度。     

基于能量分布重叠率的海浪谱评估方法研究

海浪谱评估是非规则波的水池造波,波浪及舰船耐波性数值模拟研究中的重要一环,是其效果评价的依据。文中阐述了目前常用的几种海浪谱评估方法的优势与不足,并提出一种基于能量分布重叠率的海浪谱评估新方法。具体为:针对频谱计算其面积重叠率,针对方向谱计算其体积重叠率。试验表明,该方法过程简单、计算快捷、效果较好,是一种简单实用的海浪谱评估方法。在此基础上又针对实际评估更侧重谱形的情况,提出了一种略为复杂而精度更高的使用一阶矩的改进算法。