机动车驾驶员注意力的调查研究

通过机动车驾驶员心理素质状况测验量表对3084名机动车驾驶员注意力水平进行了调查,并采用SPSS14．0统计软件对结果进行数据处理,从而分析了各种因素对机动车驾驶员注意力的影响,为研究机动车驾驶员的注意特点、保障安全驾驶提供了理论依据。     

城市驾驶员分类指标研究

城市驾驶员是交通系统的重要组成部分,了解其分类有利于更好的进行驾驶行为的研究。本文以南京市城市驾驶员为例,通过实际问卷调查,并运用数理统计方法对城市驾驶员的分类进行研究,提出了城市驾驶员的分类指标及各指标的权重比例。在个人属性、驾驶技术和驾驶行为三个一级指标中,个人属性权重比例最大,即其在城市驾驶员的分类中极为重要,对城市驾驶员实际驾驶影响较大。研究结果为城市驾驶员分类别的深入研究提供了理论依据和科学方法。     

基于三角模糊数层次分析法的驾驶人综合素质评估研究

在相关理论分析的基础上,构建了驾驶人综合素质多层次指标评估体系,该体系一级指标主要涵盖安全驾驶知识、安全驾驶态度、安全行车意识、环境感知能力和车辆操纵能力等五个方面;二级指标体系共19个项目.根据综合指标体系的多维度及模糊性的特点,采用三角数模糊层次分析法,确定评估体系各个指标权重,并根据模糊综合评判方法,建立驾驶人综合素质评价模型.结论表明驾驶人安全意识各项指标权重最大,对驾驶安全性影响也最大.     

满12分驾驶员的气质类型分布情况研究

采用陈会昌气质量表对北京市1 010名满12分驾驶员进行气质类型的调查。研究结果表明,在满12分驾驶员群体中,多血质、多血-粘液质、胆汁-多血-粘液质、胆汁-多血-抑郁质、胆汁-粘液-抑郁质、多血-粘液-抑郁质、胆汁-多血-粘液-抑郁质气质类型的驾驶员比例比在普通人群中的比例高。具有这些气质类型的驾驶员更易发交通违法行为。此外,胆汁质、抑郁质、胆汁-多血-粘液-抑郁三种类型的违法驾驶员的心理健康状况最差,需得到更多的心理辅导。     

不同工作负荷下驾驶员的心生理特征研究

使用动态心电仪作为心生理检测仪器,综合检测驾驶员在不同道路交通环境条件下的心生理反应特征。试验结果表明,驾驶员在不同的道路交通环境条件下具有驾驶工作的心生理负荷特征,不同的驾驶行为和道路交通环境条件对驾驶员造成的心生理驾驶工作负荷不同,这为“人性化”道路交通安全研究提供了理论与实践依据。     

The taxi industry: working conditions and health of drivers,a literature review

The taxi industry plays an important role in urban transportation systems, both in economic and mobility terms. In the case of the former, it provides employment for a large number of people and circulates significant amounts of money. In the case of the latter, it is a flexible means of transportation capable of arriving at any destination. Although the way the taxi industry is organised varies across countries and even within countries, some factors are shared at varying latitudes of the globe. Working conditions, habits, health, and exposure to road crashes have been a subject of interest for researchers from various disciplines, including medicine, psychology, and economics. However, much of this research focuses on a part of the problem and is not mutually referential. A review of the literature may be useful not only to researchers of diverse disciplines but also to industry representatives and those public officials responsible for transportation, road safety and health policy. This article provides a comprehensive review of the working conditions of taxi drivers, their relationship to road risk exposure and their consequences on the health of workers. It also includes information on coping strategies and protective behaviors. The review is based on a Scopus database search. The search covered the period from 1990 to 2015. This initial search was complemented with other database searches, which yielded some additional studies. Our goal was to summarise existing knowledge, identify possible lines of research and suggest some practical recommendations. It would be important (a) to reduce the workload, establish adequate time for breaks, and provide access to healthcare, (b) to implement actions to promote and maintain healthy habits, (c) to diagnose, detect and treat indicators of occupational fatigue and stress, and (d) to develop programs that make it possible to evaluate work concerns and broaden coping strategies to foster positive changes.     

公交驾驶员心理状况影响因素分析与疾病判别模型

为对公交驾驶员心理疾病实现精准干预，维护乘客生命及公共交通安全，本文通过分析公 交驾驶员心理状况影响因素构建心理疾病类型判别模型。选用由基本信息、身体状况、生活状 态、驾驶行为、组织认同感、人格特征以及职业压力与工作倦怠问卷组成的公交驾驶员心理健康 状况调查问卷，对400名城市公交驾驶员展开问卷调查研究，通过皮尔逊相关性检验分析心理状 况影响因素，利用K-means聚类算法和多元Logistic回归模型判别和分析心理疾病，提出相应干 预措施。结果表明：人格冷怒和驾驶行为、身体状况、生活状态、组织认同感显著正相关，职业压 力与工作倦怠和这4个影响因素显著负相关，相关性均较强，因此，构建心理疾病判别模型时排除 与多个影响因素均呈较强相关性的人格冷怒、职业压力与工作倦怠这两个影响因素；被调查的公 交驾驶员中，心理状态良好型、轻度心理疾病型、严重心理疾病型占比分别为52%、34%、14%；公 交驾驶员心理疾病类型与身体状况、驾驶行为以及生活状态显著正相关，与驾驶行为的相关性最 强，身体状况次之，生活状态最弱。     

Substantial Changes and Their Impact on Mobility: A Typology and an Overview of the Literature

During the past 40 years, mobility patterns have enduringly changed several times as a result of the occurrence of a number “substantial changes”. Examples of such substantial changes are the rapid emergence of affordable air travel, the oil crises, and profound ICT developments. To most researchers and policy-makers in transportation, it seems more than likely that the next 40 years will also witness a number of substantial changes, some of which might even have larger impacts on mobility than the ones described above. However, literature on substantial changes and their impact on mobility are difficult to access as it is spread across different research fields and suffers from ambiguous use of terminology. As a result, overview of the literature on substantial changes and their findings is missing and discussions on the impacts on future mobility of potential substantial changes are hampered. To overcome these problems, this paper (1) proposes a typology of substantial changes and (2) ties together and reviews the scholarly literature that has focused on identifying the impacts of past substantial changes on mobility patterns. In this paper, we show how the proposed typology on substantial changes can be applied to contemplate on substantial changes and on their impacts.     

The implications of the sharing economy for transport

ABSTRACT

The sharing economy has gained a lot of attention in recent years. Despite the substantial growth in shared services, its impact overall on transport is unclear. This paper analyses the literature on sharing in transport and includes government and consultant reports, websites and academic journals. The drivers of ride-sharing, car-sharing, car-pooling and freight-sharing are largely economic and convenience related for participants. Trust, technology platforms and the trend to avoid ownership of assets are facilitating factors in its growth. Over-regulation, inconsistent quality of service and the need for recommendation are potential barriers. The transport journals in particular are relatively slow to research this topic with more focusing on bike-sharing than other modes of vehicle sharing. The paper discusses the impact of sharing on transport suggesting it is likely to be part of a solution to transport problems and congestion perhaps in combination with other developments such as driverless vehicles. It also warns of the dangers of over-regulation and under-regulation. The future will require holistic transport strategies that consider sharing options and will require government departments to work cooperatively.