关于摩擦桩承载力计算深度修正的探讨

详细介绍《公路桥涵地基与基础设计规范》(JTJ024— 85)和《铁路桥涵地基和基础设计规范》(TB10002.5—99)中关 于摩擦桩轴向受压容许承载力深度修正的问题,通过对两部规 范的比较,指出了计算桩长时须注意的问题,建议按现行的《铁 路桥涵地基和基础设计规范》规定的设计计算方法设计摩擦桩 基础,以确保桥梁基础工程的安全。     

An optical tire contact pressure test bench

An optical tire contact pressure test bench developed by the IMMa group is described. The measurement system is based on the frustration of total internal reflection (FTIR) of light. The test bench allows performing normal pressure distribution and patch contact shape measurements on passenger car tires. The system is based on the use of a laterally illuminated glass on which the tire leans. Between them a plastic interphase is located that will cause the FTIR of light. A video camera catches the formed shining image through the glass. The brightness level in each pixel of the image can be related to the existing normal pressure. The study of the contact patch provided by the bench makes it possible to characterize tire behaviour under different loading states, inflation pressure, tire defects and toe and camber angles. The bench incorporates a computerized load and control system of the tire operation parameters, an image acquisition module and a data acquisition system that allow monitoring and acting on the experimental variables of interest in the tests such as load on the tire and environmental conditions. A supporting mechanical system incorporated to the bench allows providing the tire with variable toe and camber angles. From the images obtained with this system, the maximum normal pressure points, total force, size and shape of the patch can be determined, which are related to the tire-use conditions. As an application example, results that show the patch size and shape under different load and tire inflation pressures are presented. A further application, which is the use of the system for the detection and study of defective tires is also presented.     

铜基陶瓷强化摩擦材料的摩擦磨损性能

采用粉末冶金技术,制备了铜基陶瓷强化摩擦材料.通过定速摩擦试验机,测试了摩擦压力、摩擦速度和干湿条件对材料摩擦磨损性能的影响.结果表明:在干摩擦条件下,系数大于0.3,摩擦系数稳定.摩擦压力在0.5~0.6 MPa范围时,摩擦系数处于较低值.随摩擦压力的变化,磨损率变化不大.当摩擦速度为2 000 r/m in时,摩擦系数最大.湿摩擦条件下摩擦系数低于干摩擦条件下的摩擦系数.     

混杂纤维增强制动闸片的制动性能研究

采用改性酚醛树脂为基体,炭纤维与钢纤维、矿物纤维等混杂材料作为增强材料,研制了适用于提速列车盘形制动的少金属制动闸片。在1∶1惯性力矩试验台上对其制动性能进行了测试。试验结果表明,该制动闸片在各种规定试验条件下的摩擦性能均能满足最高运行速度为120km/h～160km/h的提速列车的使用要求。     

50年来我国铁路车辆闸瓦(闸片)的发展

介绍了我国铁路车辆闸瓦（闸片）50年来的发展，对不同材质的闸瓦（闸片）从试验到应用的情况做了综述。     

3D轴焊接构架式转向架重车过曲线轮轨横向力超标原因分析

根据转向架结构理论分析和动力学仿真计算,对3D轴焊接构架式转向架通过曲线时重车轮轨横向力偏大的原因进行分析。认为3D轴焊接构架式转向架的主、副摩擦面摩擦系数偏大,使重车通过曲线时斜楔处于卡死状态,轮对轴箱纵向呈刚性定位,从而导致重车过曲线时轮轨横向力偏大。提出只要将斜楔副摩擦面的摩擦系数减小至0.1左右,则在轮轨纵向蠕滑力的作用下,轴箱斜楔纵向就不会被卡死,而且轮对纵向定位刚度只由轴箱弹簧提供,可以有效地降低重车过曲线时的轮轨横向力。线路动力学试验证明理论分析和仿真计算的结果是正确的。     

滑动摩擦及轴承间隙必导致齿轮机构的齿轮振动

不计齿间及轴颈与轴承间摩擦的经典渐开线齿轮理论认为，若输入扭矩保持恒定，则齿轮机构运行平稳，不会振动。本文的研究充分表明：尽管齿轮机构的输入扭矩保持不变，然而，由于滑动摩擦及轴承间隙的存在，齿轮必产生振动。本文指出，对于具备足够刚性的齿轮机构而言，降低齿间及轴颈与轴承间滑动摩擦系数并减小轴承间隙是抑制齿轮振动的有效措施。     

Analysis of wheel speed vibrations for road friction classification

ABSTRACT

With higher level of vehicle automation, it becomes increasingly important to know the maximum possible tyre forces during normal driving. An interesting method in this respect is estimating the tyre–road friction from the resonance peak in the wheel speed signal, excited by road roughness. A simulation environment using the MF-Swift tyre model is proposed, which gives insight in the correctness and functioning of this method. From implementing the estimation algorithm and considering the tyre torsional vibration system, it is concluded that frequencies and damping ratios can be estimated with reasonable accuracy and that the trends observed with changing road friction are consistent. Furthermore, the proposed simulation environment gives opportunity to investigate other issues like robustness of the estimation method to road roughness. Additionally, the tyre modelling aspect of the estimation method is analysed and improvements are proposed.     

润滑油对发动机曲轴摩擦功影响的仿真与试验研究

以某直列3缸汽油机为研究对象,利用 AVL EXCITE 软件建立了曲轴多体动力学仿真模型,通过台架试验,验证了该仿真模型的正确性,在此模型基础上分析了润滑油温度、供油压力以及润滑油种类对发动机曲轴摩擦功的影响规律。研究表明：指定条件下的曲轴摩擦损失功率仿真结果为106．6 W ,台架试验结果为102 W ,误差在5％以内,表明仿真模型具有相当的精度;当润滑油供油温度从40℃升高到110℃时,曲轴摩擦损失功率减小到最低,约为104 W ,当温度超过110℃后,摩擦损失增加,当温度上升到150℃时,摩擦损失功率达到140 W ,润滑条件急剧恶化;当轴承主油道入口压力从0．31 MPa 增加到0．4 MPa 时,曲轴摩擦功率减小约10 W ,且供油温度较低时润滑油供油压力对曲轴摩擦功率影响较大;曲轴摩擦功率随黏度的提高而增加,供油温度较低时,润滑油黏度对曲轴摩擦功率的影响较大。     

Circuit racing,track texture,temperature and rubber friction

ABSTRACT

Some general observations relating to tyre shear forces and road surfaces are followed by more specific considerations from circuit racing. The discussion then focuses on the mechanics of rubber friction. The classical experiments of Grosch are outlined and the interpretations that can be put on them are discussed. The interpretations involve rubber viscoelasticity, so that the vibration properties of rubber need to be considered. Adhesion and deformation mechanisms for energy dissipation at the interface between rubber and road and in the rubber itself are highlighted. The enquiry is concentrated on energy loss by deformation or hysteresis subsequently. Persson's deformation theory is outlined and the material properties necessary to apply the theory to Grosch's experiments are discussed. Predictions of the friction coefficient relating to one particular rubber compound and a rough surface are made using the theory and these are compared with the appropriate results from Grosch. Predictions from Persson's theory of the influence of nominal contact pressure on the friction coefficient are also examined. The extent of the agreement between theory and experiment is discussed. It is concluded that there is value in the theory but that it is far from complete. There is considerable scope for further research on the mechanics of rubber friction.