轮胎胎面与柔性路面摩擦接触的数值分析

应用有限元软件ANASYS建立了包括橡胶胎面和柔性路面结构的有限元模型,探讨了车辆处于自由滚动和紧急制动过程中在不同轮胎／路面界面摩擦系数下的胎面、路表的变形特性和接触应力分布状态。研究结果表明,界面摩擦系数是影响胎面与柔性路面摩擦性能的主要原因,随其值的增加路面弯沉减小,摩擦应力先增加然后保持稳定,但轮胎的磨耗增加,接触压应力增加。适当地丰富路表构造、提高界面摩擦系数能降低路面弯沉,增强紧急制动状态下的抗滑性能;但是当摩擦系数超过某临界值时,随其数值的增大所对应制动状态下的抗滑性能不再提高,且路面压应力明显增加。摩擦特性对路表抗滑性能和路面力学响应的研究提供了一定的理论基础。     

UniTire轮胎稳态模型的联合工况预测能力研究

通过少量的标准试验得到轮胎力学特性参数,可以预测联合工况下(纵滑、侧偏、侧倾)的力学特性,这样就能避免做大量的复合试验。通过对轮胎简化理论模型的简单介绍,提出满足高阶理论边界条件的统一轮胎模型Un iTire,并对动摩擦因数和总切力方向修正系数给予说明。通过轮胎试验数据,使用不同辨识方法验证其预测能力,证明Un iTire轮胎稳态模型具有很高的预测精度。     

基于含水率和温度变化的冻融黄土性能试验

为了解冻融作用对黄土路用性能的影响,以Q2黄土为研究对象,采用增湿法配制不同含水率试样,并在不补水条件下进行不同温度冻融循环后,分别开展液限、塑限、单轴固结及直剪试验,得出了Q2黄土液限、塑限、压缩模量、粘聚力及内摩擦角等物理力学指标与含水率、测试温度的关系.研究结果表明:天然含水率试样冻融后,塑性指数随测试温度降低而略有增大,土样压缩模量及抗剪强度随含水率增大而降低;测试温度对黄土力学性能的影响取决于试样的含水率,其中压缩模量随测试温度降低而降低,且其降幅与饱和度之间存在近似二次函数关系;当含水率小于临界值时,粘聚力随测试温度降低而增大,含水率大于临界值时粘聚力则减小;试样内摩擦角随测试温度的降低呈增大趋势,且含水率越大,内摩擦角的增幅越大.     

冻融条件下盐渍土抗剪强度特性试验研究

通过对新疆岳普湖~英吉沙公路及和硕~库尔勒高速公路沿线的天然盐渍土室内基本性质试验分析,选取典型天然盐渍土,在开放系统中进行反复冻融循环条件下的试验,从土类角度研究了天然盐渍土在多次冻融循环时的强度变化特征。试验结果表明:经多次冻融循环,低液限粘土试样粘聚力自下而上线性减小,内摩擦角呈S形分布;含砂低液限粘土试样冻融循环过程中,试样粘聚力呈反S形分布,内摩擦角均呈S形分布;低液限粉土试样各层土粘聚力随着冻融循环次数的增加逐渐减小,各土层内摩擦角随着冻融循环次数的增加而减小。     

A vehicle ABS adaptive sliding-mode control algorithm based on the vehicle velocity estimation and tyre/road friction coefficient estimations

A sliding-mode observer is designed to estimate the vehicle velocity with the measured vehicle acceleration, the wheel speeds and the braking torques. Based on the Burckhardt tyre model, the extended Kalman filter is designed to estimate the parameters of the Burckhardt model with the estimated vehicle velocity, the measured wheel speeds and the vehicle acceleration. According to the estimated parameters of the Burckhardt tyre model, the tyre/road friction coefficients and the optimal slip ratios are calculated. A vehicle adaptive sliding-mode control (SMC) algorithm is presented with the estimated vehicle velocity, the tyre/road friction coefficients and the optimal slip ratios. And the adjustment method of the sliding-mode gain factors is discussed. Based on the adaptive SMC algorithm, a vehicle's antilock braking system (ABS) control system model is built with the Simulink Toolbox. Under the single-road condition as well as the different road conditions, the performance of the vehicle ABS system is simulated with the vehicle velocity observer, the tyre/road friction coefficient estimator and the adaptive SMC algorithm. The results indicate that the estimated errors of the vehicle velocity and the tyre/road friction coefficients are acceptable and the vehicle ABS adaptive SMC algorithm is effective. So the proposed adaptive SMC algorithm can be used to control the vehicle ABS without the information of the vehicle velocity and the road conditions.     

某涵洞悬浮桩复合地基失败原因分析

为研究悬浮桩复合地基,在广州—珠海高速公路灵山软基试验工程中对某涵洞的深厚软基采用悬浮搅拌桩复合地基处理,结果沉降较大,超过要求。试验结果表明,软基高度较大的高速公路采用悬浮桩复合地基也不可行,其主要原因是路基产生的附加应力影响深度大。路基下复合地基沉降计算时必须考虑附近路基荷载、沉降土方荷载及复合地基边界处负摩擦力的影响。     

The stability mechanism and its application to heavy-haul couplers with arc surface contact

To investigate the stability mechanism of a type of heavy-haul coupler with arc surface contact, the force states of coupler were analysed at different yaw angles according to the friction circle theory and the structural characteristics of this coupler were summarised. A multi-body dynamics model with four heavy-haul locomotives and three detailed couplers was established to simulate the process of emergency braking. In addition, the coupler yaw instability was tested in order to investigate the effect of relevant parameters on the coupler stability. The results show that this coupler exhibits the self-stabilisation and less lateral force at a small yaw angle. The yaw angle of force line is less than the actual coupler yaw angle which reduces the lateral force and the critical instability. An increase in the friction coefficient of the arc contact surfaces can improve the stability of couplers. The friction coefficient needs to be increased with the increase in the maximum coupler longitudinal compressive force. The stability of couplers is significantly enhanced by increasing the secondary suspension stiffness and reducing the clearance of the lateral stopper of the locomotives. When the maximum coupler compressive force reaches 2500 kN, the required friction coefficient reduces from 0.6 to 0.35, which notably lowers the derailment risk caused by the coupler. The critical instability angle of the coupler mainly depends on the arc contact friction coefficient. When the friction coefficient is 0.3, the critical instability angle was 4–4.5°. The simulation results are consistent with the locomotive line tests. These studies establish meaningful improvements for the stability of couplers and match the heavy-haul locomotive with its suspension parameters.     

Closed-loop snowplow applicator control using road condition measurements

Closed-loop control of a snowplow applicator, based on direct measurement of the road surface condition, is a valuable technology for the optimisation of winter road maintenance costs and for the protection of the environment from the negative impacts of excessive usage of de-icing chemicals. To this end, a novel friction measurement wheel is designed to provide a continuous measurement of road friction coefficient, which is, in turn, utilised to control the applicator automatically on a snowplow. It is desired that the automated snowplow applicator deploy de-icing materials right from the beginning of any slippery surface detected by the friction wheel, meaning that no portion of the slippery road surface should be left untreated behind, as the snowplow travels over it at a reasonably high speed.

This paper describes the developed wheel-based measurement system, the friction estimation algorithm and the expected performance of the closed-loop applicator system. Conventional and zero velocity applicators are introduced and their hardware time delays are measured in addition to the time delay of the friction estimation algorithm. The overall performance of the closed-loop applicator control system is shown to be reliable at typical snowplowing speeds if the zero velocity applicator is used.     

Tractor–semitrailer model for vehicles carrying liquids

This article presents a model for solving solid–fluid interactions in vehicles carrying liquids. A tractor–semitrailer model is developed by incorporating suspension systems and tire dynamics. Owing to the solid–fluid interaction, equations of motion for the vehicle system are coupled. To simplify the complicated solution procedure, the coupled equations are solved separately using two different codes. Each code is analyzed separately; but as the parameters of the two codes depend on each other, the codes must be connected at the end of each time step. To determine the dynamic behavior of the system, different braking moments are applied. As the braking moments increase, braking time decreases. However, it turns out that increasing the braking moment to more than a certain level produces no significant results. It is also shown that vehicles carrying fluids need a greater amount of braking moments in comparison to vehicles carrying solids during braking. In addition, as the level of the fluid inside the tanker increases, from one-third to two-third of the tanker’s volume, the sloshing forces applied to the tanker’s walls increase. It was also concluded that the strategy used in this article to solve for the solid–fluid interaction by incorporating vehicle dynamic effects represents an effective method for determining the dynamic behavior of vehicles carrying fluids in other critical maneuvers.