沥青混合料应变疲劳性能的试验研究

沥青混合料疲劳试验的荷载控制模式有应力控制模式和应变控制模式。而在应变控制的疲劳试验过程中, 沥青混合料的应力应变状态更符合沥青路面的实际情况。试验得出的弯拉应变与疲劳寿命之间的关系便于应用。运用MTS81 0材料试验系统, 进行了5种级配的沥青混合料的应变控制模式的疲劳试验, 得出了它们的应变疲劳方程, 并对疲劳方程进行了比较和分析。研究表明, 同一应变(或应变比) 下, 若干试件的对数疲劳寿命表现为正态分布, 而且应变、应变比与疲劳寿命分别在双、单对数坐标上表现为直线关系; 单对数坐标下以应变比表示的疲劳方程较双对数坐标下的以应变表示的疲劳方程稳定, 而双对数坐标下的疲劳方程更易区分出沥青混合料疲劳性能的优劣; 应变控制模式下的疲劳试验, 其它条件相同时, 沥青混合料的模量越小, 疲劳寿命越长。     

基于非线性超声的CL60车轮和U75V钢轨磨损检测方法

针对早期轮轨滚动磨损变化过程难以通过无损手段进行表征的问题,提出了非线性超声技术对不同磨损程度的CL60车轮与U75V钢轨试样进行检测评估;建立了基于轮轨试样表面磨损特征的Murnaghan模型,并利用非线性超声有限元仿真,通过塑性变形层厚度变化情况模拟不同程度的摩擦损伤,分析了其相对非线性系数变化规律及其产生原因。试验结果表明：轮轨的早期磨损会导致材料表面产生塑性变形层,随着塑性变形的加剧,材料损伤将以微裂纹为主,车轮角加速度越大,轮轨间相对滑动作用时间越短,塑性变形层越薄,且CL60车轮较U75V钢轨磨损程度更为严重;CL60车轮试样在车轮角加速度分别为10、250、1 500 r·min^-2时,对应的相对非线性系数分别为12.19、8.43、5.68,U75V钢轨试样在车轮角加速度分别为10、250、1 500 r·min^-2时,对应的相对非线性系数分别为7.57、6.09、5.04,与CL60车轮试样相比,U75V钢轨试样的相对非线性系数变化缓慢。可知,相对非线性系数与塑性变形层厚度呈正相关,微裂纹产生的非线性效应比塑性变形层更强,相对非线性系数增幅更大,因此,可通过材料的相对非线性系数变化判断材料的磨损阶段。     

肋拱桥关键截面箱型转换加固技术试验研究

以重庆丰都庙包大桥为原型,制作了2片钢筋混凝土肋拱模型,首先采用"肋拱桥关键截面箱型转换加固技术"对其中1片进行加固处治,然后对加固前、后肋拱模型实施全过程破坏试验。通过对比分析加固前、后肋拱模型的应变、挠度、横向分布比率、裂缝及破坏模式等指标,得到以下结论:肋拱桥关键截面箱型转换加固后,新增设的钢筋混凝土箱型封闭层能与原肋拱协调变形、共同承担活载。     

盾构管片模具三维激光扫描检测关键技术

目前盾构管片模具主要采用传统的人工和激光跟踪测量技术进行检测,存在检测点位少,精度低等缺点,不能很好地指导管片模具的修复工作,直接影响到管片尺寸的生产精度,易造成盾构隧道管片破损、开裂及渗漏水等现象,为后期的运营埋下了安全隐患。宁波市轨道交通利用三维激光扫描技术对管片模具进行检测,通过理论分析、现场试验及数据分析,确定了点云数据的拼接方式、扫描分辨率、基准模型及模型对齐的方式,成功克服了现有的管片模具检测中存在的测量点位少、精度低等缺点,实现了对管片模具的全方位检测,大大提高了管片模具的检测精度。同时在参考现有规范及经验的基础上,制定出了盾构管片模具三维激光扫描检测标准,很好地指导了管片模具的修复工作,提高了盾构管片尺寸的生产精度,确保盾构隧道的施工质量。     

Definition of wind blowers for vehicles testing at chassis-dyno facilities using a CFD approach

The need to increase measurement accuracy of fuel consumption and pollutant emissions in vehicles is forcing the market to develop chassis-dyno test cells that reproduce on-road conditions realistically.Air-cooling is key to vehicle performance. It is therefore critical that the design of a test cell guarantees realistic cooling of all vehicle components, as important errors in fuel consumption and emissions measurements may otherwise arise. In a test-room, a blower placed in front of the vehicle supplies the cooling air. While there are some guidelines in the literature for the selection of fans required for emissions measurements for standard driving cycles, the information for designing the air supply system for specific tests in other areas is scarce.New Real Driving Emissions (RDE) legislation will force manufacturers to perform on-road measurements of pollutants. This represents a significant challenge due to the variability of conditions coming from non-controlled parameters. In order to optimize vehicles, different tests are performed in cells equipped with a chassis-dyno where the on-road flow field around the vehicle is reproduced as closely as possible.This work provides some guidelines for the definition of the airflow supply system of chassis-dyno facilities for vehicle optimization tests, based on a CFD analysis of the flow characteristics around the vehicle. By comparison with the solution obtained for a vehicle in real road driving conditions, the exit section of the blower and the distance between the blower exit and the car that best reproduce realistic on-road flow conditions in a test room are determined.     

Geometric design safety estimation based on tire–road side friction

A closed-loop drive–vehicle–road–environment system (DVRES) model was established using Adams/Car and Matlab/Simulink. Dynamic responses of lateral tire forces based on tire–road side friction and road geometric characteristics are used to investigate vehicle side slip for geometric design safety estimation. The root mean square, the maximum values of lateral tire forces, comfort limit on curves and vehicle trajectories are used to quantify the safety margin of side friction. The simulation results show that the safety margins of lateral tire forces for radius, operating speed and superelevation rate were 18.2%, 19.3% and 17.6%, respectively, to guarantee good vehicle lateral reliability and ride comfort, while lower speeds are optimal in wet and slippery roads. Finally, a case study was conducted to illustrate the analysis of road design safety, and on-site experiment testing further validated the accuracy and reliability of the closed-loop DVRES model.     

地铁振动对邻近建筑物影响及围护桩减振效果研究

依托北京某拟建住宅项目,采用现场监测方法获得地铁列车运行引起建筑物场区内地面振动的振动特性,并通过有限元分析软件建立地铁-土体-建筑一体化三维数值模型,预测拟建楼房的振动规律,预测结果与现场监测结果对比显示二者有良好的一致性,并分析采取基坑围护桩作为减振措施的应用效果。研究结果表明:(1)在地铁运行影响下,地面振动加速度级随着频率增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势;(2)对于10层左右的建筑物,地铁运行振动引起的动力响应随着楼层的增加,存在一个先减小后增大的过程,地面首层和顶层的动力响应最为显著;(3)基坑围护桩能有效减小建筑振动响应,各典型楼层最大Z计权振动加速度级均下降7~9 dB;(4)随着楼层的升高,建筑结构对30~40 Hz频段的建筑物竖向振动具有一定削弱作用。     

Dynamic characteristics of an 8.6 m lightweight FRP tower supporting mass on its top

The paper presents the results of an extensive experimental dynamic testing and numerical modelling conducted on the bottom segment of an 81 m glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) guyed tower. The 8.6 m bottom segment was made up of four 2.15 m sections, each of which consisted of three composite cells. The cells were inter-connected using sleeve joints and were bonded together to form an equilateral triangle having sides of 450 mm. The guyed tower was tested under dynamic loadings with and with out carrying a mass on its top to evaluate its vibration performance. A modal analysis was also carried out on the tower with and without mass on top. The damped natural frequency of the flexural mode obtained from finite element without mass on top had a frequency of 6.1 Hz. The natural frequency obtained from testing was 5.50 Hz. The difference of 10.9% happened due to the loss of pre-stress in the cables indicates a good agreement of the natural frequency obtained from the analysis and from the vibration tests. The natural frequency without having mass was 10.67% higher than with mass on the top. The results confirmed the validity of the developed theoretical model.     

中国远洋船员总体心理健康状况的研究

中国远洋船员总体心理健康状况较普通人群要差,心理症状阳性检出率远高于普通人群,总体心理健康状况不容乐观。导致目前我国远洋船员心理健康水平较低的主要原因有:工作上的压力;海上特殊风险产生的不安全感;单调、寂寞的船员生活及相对艰苦的工作环境;信息闭塞与社会支持匮乏;人际交往的局限性以及人际关系的不协调;事故后心理得不到及时有效的调适;性需求得不到满足;生物钟节律经常被破坏,等。     

改进“会计管理信息系统”教学方法的几点思考

针对教学中课程目标定位欠明确等问题，教师在“会计管理信息系统”教学中应紧紧把握先进系统设计理念、加强会计软件教学，拓展教学思路，以便取得更好的教学效果．