Experimental investigations on the damping effect due to passengers on flexural vibrations of railway vehicle carbody and basic studies on the mimicry of the effect with simple substitutions

The effect of passengers on a railway vehicle is usually considered as additional mass in designing a carbody. However, previous studies by means of stationary excitation tests or running tests using actual vehicles indicate that passengers behave not as mass but as damping. In this paper, the authors examined the passengers' damping effect under controlled excitation conditions on a roller rig through a series of excitation tests using a commuter-type vehicle. Large and multi-modal reductions of flexural vibrations of the carbody were observed when passengers existed. Influences of the number of passengers, distributions and postures of passengers were investigated. The authors also tried to mimic the damping effect by passengers using flexible tanks filled with fluids. Three kinds of fluids which have different viscosities have been tested. As a result of the excitation tests, good vibration reduction effects were observed by applying those tanks, and it has been found that the flexible tanks filled with fluids bring about vibration reduction effect (including multi-modal reduction) which is equal to or rather better than the case of similar mass of passengers in the carbody; the difference of viscosity gave little affect on the damping abilities. From these measurement results, a possibility of realising effective damping devices against flexural vibrations of railway vehicle carbodies representing passengers damping effect, in a simple, economical and environmental friendly way, has been demonstrated.     

Variation in predicting pantograph–catenary interaction contact forces,numerical simulations and field measurements

The contact force between the pantograph and the contact wire ensures energy transfer between the two. Too small of a force leads to arching and unstable energy transfer, while too large of a force leads to unnecessary wear on both parts. Thus, obtaining the correct contact force is important for both field measurements and estimates using numerical analysis. The field contact force time series is derived from measurements performed by a self-propelled diagnostic vehicle containing overhead line recording equipment. The measurements are not sampled at the actual contact surface of the interaction but by force transducers beneath the collector strips. Methods exist for obtaining more realistic measurements by adding inertia and aerodynamic effects to the measurements. The variation in predicting the pantograph–catenary interaction contact force is studied in this paper by evaluating the effect of the force sampling location and the effects of signal processing such as filtering. A numerical model validated by field measurements is used to study these effects. First, this paper shows that the numerical model can reproduce a train passage with high accuracy. Second, this study introduces three different options for contact force predictions from numerical simulations. Third, this paper demonstrates that the standard deviation and the maximum and minimum values of the contact force are sensitive to a low-pass filter. For a specific case, an 80?Hz cut-off frequency is compared to a 20?Hz cut-off frequency, as required by EN 50317:2012; the results show an 11% increase in standard deviation, a 36% increase in the maximum value and a 19% decrease in the minimum value.     

Switch Panel wear loading – a parametric study regarding governing train operational factors

The acting forces and resulting material degradation at the running surfaces of wheels and rail are determined by vehicle, track, interface and operational characteristics. To effectively manage the experienced wear, plastic deformation and crack development at wheels and rail, the interaction between vehicle and track demands a system approach both in maintenance and in design. This requires insight into the impact of train operational parameters on rail- and wheel degradation, in particular at switches and crossings due to the complex dynamic behaviour of a railway vehicle at a turnout. A parametric study was carried out by means of vehicle-track simulations within the VAMPIRE® multibody simulation software, performing a sensitivity analysis regarding operational factors and their impact on expected switch panel wear loading. Additionally, theoretical concepts were cross-checked with operational practices by means of a case study in response to a dramatic change in lateral rail wear development at specific switches in Dutch track. Data from train operation, track maintenance and track inspection were analysed, providing further insight into the operational dependencies. From the simulations performed in this study, it was found that switch rail lateral wear loading at the diverging route of a 1:9 type turnout is significantly influenced by the level of wheel–rail friction and to a lesser extent by the direction of travel (facing or trailing). The influence of other investigated parameters, being vehicle speed, traction, gauge widening and track layout is found to be small. Findings from the case study further confirm the simulation outcome. This research clearly demonstrates the contribution flange lubrication can have in preventing abnormal lateral wear at locations where the wheel–rail interface is heavily loaded.     

不同敏感性参数下船舶-碎冰碰撞的船体结构响应

基于我国第七次北极科学考察获得的夏季北极海冰空间分布情况,模拟真实碎冰分布,采用LS-DYNA软件中的流固耦合方法,研究在船舶航速、碎冰尺度、碎冰厚度及碎冰密集度等因素影响下船舶-碎冰碰撞的船体结构响应。结合试验数据得到船体结构的应力、吸能和碰撞力。结果表明：船舶-碎冰的主要碰撞区域为艏部及舷侧的水线附近;在船舶航行于碎冰域时,船体结构的应力、吸能和碰撞力的峰值随碎冰域的船舶航速、碎冰尺度、碎冰厚度及碎冰密集度的增加而增加,但分布情况不同。研究结果为船舶在极地冰区航行提供一定的安全性参考。     

整体式桥台-H形钢桩基-土相互作用水平变形机理研究

整体桥因整体性、抗震性、行车舒适性而被广泛应用。为了能吸纳整体桥在温度、地震作用下的水平往复变形，实际工程中其桩基主要采用H形钢桩。为深入研究整体桥H形钢桩基水平变形机理，以某整体桥为背景，开展了传统平衡土压力状态下H形钢桩-土、台后不平衡土压力下的H形钢桩-土以及整体式桥台-H形钢桩-土相互作用拟静力试验研究，分析对比了H形钢桩桩身水平变形规律，滞回、耗能和骨架曲线。试验研究表明，不平衡土压力对桩身水平变形影响较大。正负向加载时，HP模型桩身水平变形较为对称，变形规律为沿埋深方向逐渐减小，接着反向增大后减小至桩底为0。对于UHP模型，正负向加载时的桩身变形不对称，其中正向加载时的变形规律为沿埋深方向逐渐减小至0，接着反向增大至最大后减小；负向加载时的变形规律则与HP模型基本相似。AHP模型桩身水平变形规律则较为复杂，其变形介于HP模型和UHP模型之间。研究还表明：HP模型的滞回曲线较为饱满和对称,而AHP模型的滞回曲线存在显著的非对称;AHP模型的承载力和耗能能力最高，但延性最低。     

An analytical mathematical method for calculation of the dynamic wheel–rail impact force caused by wheel flat

The simplified method to determine a vertical impact force of wheel with flat and rail interaction is presented in this article. The presented simplified method can be used to identify maximum contact force and its distribution in the contact length between the damaged wheel and the rail. The vertical impact force depends on geometrical parameters of the rail and wheel with flat, speed of vehicle and the angle of deviation of rail. This article demonstrates the influence of wheel with flat geometrical parameters, speed of vehicle to maximum contact force and its distribution in the contact zone. The obtained values of the simplified method for determination of a vertical contact force are compared with the results obtained from field measurements.     

Hydrodynamic forces on a two-dimensional multihull structure in waves: application of the scattering matrix theory

The diffraction and radiation problems of a two dimensional multihull structure were investigated by application of the scattering matrix theory. The scattering matrix theory is widely used to analyze wave interaction problems in various scientific fields. The research is focused on the zeros of the wave exciting force near resonance, which occurs both in the diffraction problem and the radiation problem. At the zeros of the wave exciting force, the wave exciting force for the overall structure is zero, but each demihull undergoes wave excitation. At near-resonant frequencies, the amplitude of the traveling wave between adjacent demihulls becomes very large and the demihulls experience very large wave forces. A number of simple equations for representing the hydrodynamic properties of the multihull structure at the zeros and near-resonant frequencies are obtained. Numerical examples show that these simple equations well explain the hydrodynamic forces and the wave system in the spaces between the demihulls.     

高桩码头-岸坡相互作用有限元数值模拟

高桩码头-岸坡体系的相互作用机理一直是困扰工程界的难题。基于某突堤的现场勘察资料和土体参数,建立了高桩码头与岸坡相互作用的二维平面应变问题和三维空间问题的弹塑性有限元模型,采用与M ohr-Co lum n准则匹配的D rucker-P rager准则作为土的屈服准则,分析了桩基-岸坡体系的变形机理,同时,针对二维和三维情况各种工况组合进行了对比分析,并结合土体参数和现场测斜资料,分析了高桩码头-岸坡体系的变形规律,并指出了影响桩、梁和岸坡体系变形的主要因素,并建议了合理的治理方案。     

舰载无人机战术控制系统研究

无人机以其特点已在战场中扮演着举足轻重的角色，随着无人机技术的飞速发展，必须研制通用的无人机战术控制系统（TCS），实现对各类无人机的操控，并将无人机系统与舰艇C^4I系统有效集成。对美军无人机战术控制系统发展情况进行了简要描述，系统地分析了舰载见人机战术控制系统的功能、交互等级和系统组成，并阐述了系统运行方式：     

加筋及灌浆联合处理软土地基的应用和分析

提出了采用“土工合成材料加筋 路基注浆 桩支撑”系统的复合地基,并运用于软土地基上路基加宽。结合弹塑性有限元程序,分析比较了路堤在加桩和不加桩情况下的沉降大小、不均匀沉降以及土体中的应力水平;特别是,桩-土相互作用的计算分析与实测资料的分析比较。得出了一些相关结论,从而为工程实践提供了一定的理论依据。