重载货车轴重与速度匹配关系研究

基于重载货车轨道耦合动力学模型,采用机车车辆与线路最佳匹配设计方法,进行货车轴重与速度的匹配研究.结果表明:25,27,30和40t轴重重载货车容许通过轨道低接头的速度应分别小于110,100,90和60km·h-1;40t轴重重载货车以60km·h-1速度在直线线路上运行时,其轮轨垂向力为249.6kN,非常接近英国铁路250kN轮轨垂向力的限值;在我国现有以60kg·m-1轨为主的干线铁路上开行30和40t轴重重载货车,对轨道结构的破坏比现有低轴重货车严重得多,但开行27t轴重重载货车是可行的;40t轴重重载货车在600m半径的曲线轨道上以40～120km·h-1速度运行时,轮轨垂向力最大值超过了英国铁路的250kN轮轨垂向力限值,轮轨横向力最大值非常接近我国《铁道车辆动力学性能评定及试验鉴定规范》所规定的77.80kN容许限值,另外轮轨磨耗功非常大,因此40t轴重重载货车还不能直接应用于我国现有60kg·m-1钢轨的轨道.     

高速动车组新材质车轮性能研究

为提高高速铁路动车组车轮的强度、硬度,同时兼顾其韧性,进行新材质车轮的成分设计及试样制备;对试样的化学成分、拉伸性能、断面硬度、断裂韧性、淬透性进行测试,对其金相组织、微观组织和析出物进行观测,综合分析新材质车轮的性能,并与ER8车轮进行对比。结果表明:与ER8车轮相比,新材质车轮中C的质量分数相同,Mn的质量分数按常规设定,但提高Si的质量分数并添加V,使其抗拉强度提高9%,屈服强度提高12%,硬度提高15HBW,断裂韧性提高10%,断后伸长率、冲击韧性和淬透性相当;相同踏面深度下,新材质车轮珠光体团更细、珠光体片层间距更小、先共析铁素体体积分数更高;提高Si的质量分数并添加V,还使新材质车轮的微观组织结构和分布发生改变,是其具有更高的强度、硬度和断裂韧性的直接原因。     

锚杆施作时机对炭质千枚岩隧道力学响应影响研究

针对炭质千枚岩隧道施作锚杆时容易剥落掉块并导致局部失稳的问题,对先喷后锚法与传统先锚后喷法进行比较研究。为了分析2种施工方法对围岩与支护体系力学响应的影响,借助三维数值分析手段对洞周位移变化、初期支护结构受力、锚杆受力及围岩的塑性发展进行分析。结果表明,先喷后锚法引起的围岩变形与支护体系应力略大,先锚后喷法对控制围岩变形效果显著,二者均可满足一般工程需要;当对围岩变形控制要求严格时应选用先锚后喷法。     

Modification of the semi-Hertz wheel–rail contact method based on recalculating the virtual penetration value

ABSTRACT

Wheel–rail contact calculation is of vital importance in vehicle system dynamics. In the existing methods of wheel–rail contact calculation, the finite element method and Kalker’s CONTACT program, which are based on the complementary energy principle, are the two methods with accuracy recognised. However, because of its very slow calculation speed, it cannot meet the requirement of online calculation, so a variety of fast non-elliptic algorithms have been proposed. The semi-Hertz method, which is recognised for its great contributions to the fast wheel–rail contact calculation, is based on the concept of virtual penetration. The calculation of virtual penetration is crucial to evaluate the shape and normal pressure distribution of the contact patch. In practice, the virtual penetration is related to the curvature of the whole contact patch; however, the range of the contact patch is determined by the value of penetration. Such an interaction leads the calculation into a dead loop. In the semi-Hertz method, the penetration is calculated by the Hertz parameters of the initial contact point. Thus, the practical range of the method is limited. In this paper, a fast-iterative method for solving virtual penetration is proposed, and a reliable value of virtual penetration can be obtained under any lateral wheel–rail relative curvature variation with good stability and speed. The normal and tangential solutions are analysed with different methods in this paper.     

Precision analysis and dynamic stability in the numerical solution of the two-dimensional wheel/rail tangential contact problem

ABSTRACT

In this paper the two-dimensional contact problem is analysed through different mesh topologies and strategies for approaching equations, namely; the collocation method, Galerkin, and the polynomial approach. The two-dimensional asymptotic problem (linear theory) associated with very small creepage (or infinite friction coefficient) is taken as a reference in order to analyse the numerical methods, and its solution is tackled in three different ways, namely steady-state problem, dynamic stability problem, and non-steady state problem in the frequency domain. In addition, two elastic displacements derivatives calculation methods are explored: analytic and finite differences. The results of this work establish the calculation conditions that are necessary to guarantee dynamic stability and the absence of numerical singularities, as well as the parameters for using the method that allows for maximum precision at the minimum computational cost to be reached.     

高速轮轨和磁悬浮技术在世界轨道交通运输体系中的发展

高速轮轨交通从20世纪60年代开始建设,到2001年世界已建成的高速铁路有5214km;正在建设的新线有4730km,正在研究和准备立项的有8604km。从德国、日本建成磁悬浮试验线后,世界有5个国家启动磁悬浮线路研究,中国上海成为世界第一个高速常导磁悬浮商用试验线建设的地区。世界轮轨高速铁路的发展没有因为磁浮技术的发展而停滞,随着速度目标值的提高,高速轮轨技术仍然在不断创新。磁悬浮的研究与试验和轮轨高速铁路的建设与发展在世界上并存。     

10级BY型防松螺母运用中存在问题的原因分析与建议

对10级BY型防松螺母当前运用中存在的个别螺栓折断和螺母松动问题进行了分析探讨,并提出了相应的措施与建议。     

涨壳式预应力中空锚杆在机械化开挖大断面隧道中的施工应用研究

为了解决软弱围岩隧道机械化开挖后快速支护的难题，采用三臂凿岩台车、风动扳手等配套机具施作涨壳式预应力中空锚杆对围岩进行快速支护。通过在郑万高铁高家坪隧道软弱围岩段大断面机械化施工条件下涨壳式预应力中空锚杆的应用研究，总结出涨壳式预应力中空锚杆工作原理、工艺流程，通过注浆试验对比分析，提出适合的隧道锚杆注浆比例，并结合锚杆轴力监测和地层位移监测结果，表明该锚杆具有快速约束围岩、形成应力拱、减少围岩松动圈、保证围岩稳定的优势，能够有效保障隧道机械化施工的安全，并提高隧道机械化施工效率。     

The role of the contact geometry in wheel-rail impact due to wheel flats

A thorough investigation of wheel-rail impact due to wheel flats is presented, together with a quantitative characterization of the main mechanisms and parameters. A criterion for the speed with respect to contact loss between wheel and rail is derived. In the subcritical speed regime, the magnitude of the impact force is shown to be directly related to the geometry of the flat, whereas in the transcritical speed regime a fictitious or effective flat depth exists, which decreases with the second order of the speed. In this domain, the position of impact shifts towards the end of the flat with increasing speed. The impact force increases with the second order of the speed in the subcritical speed regime and approximately the first order of the speed in the transcritical speed regime. The magnitude of the impact force is inversely proportional to the minimum circumferential curvature of the wheel tread defect in the subcritical speed regime, and to the effective minimum curvature in the transcritical case. The variation with the flat depth is less; the impact varies with the square root of the flat depth. The presented theory is in accordance with measurements reported in the literature and explains characteristic features in them.     

A General Method for the Evaluation of Vehicle Manoeuvrability with Special Emphasis on Motorcycles

This paper presents a novel approach to the assessment of the manoeuvrability of vehicles which is not based on the simulation of open-loop manoeuvres, nor does it rely on the modelling of the driver as a control system. Instead, the essence of the method is the solution of a two-point optimal control boundary value problem, in which a vehicle, subject to physical constraints like tyre adherence and road borders, among others, is required to go between given initial and final positions as fast as possible. The control inputs - i.e., the driver's actions - that make the vehicle move between the two states in the most efficient way are found as a part of the solution procedure and represent the actions of a sort of ideal, perfect driver. The resulting motion is called the optimal manoeuvre and, besides being the most efficient way that the given vehicle has for travelling between the two points according to the chosen optimal criterion, may be taken as a reference for meaningful comparisons with other vehicles. The value of the penalty function, used to define the optimal condition occurring at the optimal manoeuvre, may be taken as a measure of manoeuvrability or handling. With this approach the manoeuvrability properties are established as intrinsic to the vehicle, being defined with respect to an ideal perfect driver. Some possible forms of the penalty function, which means slightly different concepts of manoeuvrability and handling, are discussed. In the end, the case of motorcycles and some examples of optimal manoeuvres are given.