Policy innovations of the US intermodal surface transportation efficiency act and clean air act amendments

In combination, the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) and the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (CAAA) are innovative and aggressive efforts to move US cities toward integrated transportation and air quality planning. Under these complementary laws, air quality has become a major national transportation goal. In areas with serious air pollution, air quality will be a major consideration in determining the future shape of urban transportation.This paper considers how the CAAA and ISTEA combine to provide an innovative national policy approach of interest to countries seeking to encourage sustainable development in urban centers. The CAAA mandates measurable and enforceable air quality targets. Nation-wide standards are set for acceptable levels of carbon monoxide, ground level ozone, and small particulates. ISTEA includes directions for transportation planners and decision-makers to follow to reach air quality and other goals — transportation planning must emphasize system efficiency, and for cities with severe air pollution, transportation projects are expected to contribute to cleaner air. Each urban area has flexibility in how it applies this framework to reflect its priorities and solve its problems. Strict federal sanctions provide incentives for compliance with both laws.Enactment of these laws has produced a period of transition and uncertainty as well as of challenge and opportunity for planners and elected officials. The next several years, the US will provide one national laboratory and over 100 different urban laboratories for innovative approaches to integrate transportation and environmental policies to resolve major urban problems.Abbreviations CAAA Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 - CO Carbon monoxide - ECO Employee Commute Option - EPA US Environmental Protection Agency - HC Transportation hydrocarbons - I/M Inspections and maintenance program - ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 - MPO Metropolitan planning organizations - NO_x Nitrogen oxides - PPM Parts per million - PM₁₀ Small particulate matter - SIP State Implementation Plan - TIP Transportation Improvement Program - TCM Transportation control measures - VMT Vehicle miles traveled     

自密实混凝土在人工挖孔桩中应用

自密实混凝土具有高流动性、不离析、均匀性和稳定性好的特点,其浇筑时,依靠其自重流动,无须振捣即可密实。将自密实混凝土应用于人工挖孔桩,不仅可以保证桩身质量,减少工人劳动强度,降低能耗,提高生产效率,还可以达到安全生产目的。     

气力输送设备管道中物料的速度特性研究

针对气力输送中物料在水平和垂直管道中的运动特性,建立了颗粒群在管道中的运动微分方程,并将该微分方程导入Matlab进行求解.通过分析颗粒群在不同管道阻力系数和不同初始条件下的速度特性曲线,得出气力输送中管道内颗粒群在加速段的速度特性.结果表明:阻力系数的大小影响颗粒群在管道中的最终恒定运动速度;不同初始速度影响颗粒群在管道中的加速(减速)运动时间;颗粒群在加速段运动时,垂直管道中所消耗的能量大于水平管道.     

舰船天线辐射仿真计算研究

预设计是实现舰船总体电磁兼容性先进的设计方法,而天线辐射效能的仿真计算是预设计手段之一。针对舰船天线布置及设计需求,提出一种天线的建模方法,并根据该方法进行天线辐射效能的仿真计算。首先运用FEKO软件对舰船的一种组合天线进行三维空间参数建模和电激励参数建模,然后根据舰船不同的工作状态进行仿真计算,预测该工作状态下天线的辐射效能,最后对仿真计算结果进行对比分析。为舰船天线设计提供定性的建议和定量的数据,为舰船天线优化布置提供了参考依据。     

面向现代造船条件的船体类模块分段定义

为了使造船企业走出靠简单扩大再生产提高生产效率的误区,提出船体类模块分段的概念,以模块制造理论为基础,以模块化制造思想为指导,在不改变现有非标准船舶的船体结构和非标准生产能力配置的前提下,对船体分段进行几何结构和制造工艺等方面的相似性分析,确定船体类模块分段标准。     

水下航行器新型凸轮发动机的机械效率分析

凸轮发动机的机械效率是影响其动力性指标和经济性指标的一项重要参数。为了对新型凸轮发动机的机械效率进行分析,在分析新型凸轮发动机活塞受力的基础上,研究了新型凸轮发动机各运动副之间的摩擦损失,对新型凸轮发动机机械效率进行了估算。本文的方法可为活塞凸轮发动机的机械效率的计算提供参考。     

耙吸挖泥船航迹控制策略分析

随着船舶动力定位技术日趋完善,耙吸挖泥船DP/DT(Dynamic Positioning/Tracking)系统的使用大大提高了疏浚作业效率.DP/DT系统包括DP和DT两大功能,耙吸挖泥船以DT功能(动态寻迹)为主要特点.本文以耙吸挖泥船为背景,采用一种“视线”航迹控制策略,对其疏浚过程进行分析,并通过设计航迹控制器来验证该策略的可行性,同时运用VC++编程来显示实际航迹控制效果.     

基于AHP灰色效能法的同步轨道通信卫星综合能力评估

同步轨道通信卫星具有诸多优势,现有的通信卫星星座大多由多颗此类卫星组成。通过分析其复杂的系统结构和任务特性,构建该系统的综合效能指标体系,并运用AHP法和灰色系统理论确定了指标权重和灰关联度,实现了对同步轨道通信卫星综合能力的效能评估,评估结果客观准确。     

提高绞吸式挖泥船施工能效的探讨

根据多年现场疏浚施工管理经验,从调整土质开挖厚度、完善施工工艺、科学布设挖泥管线等方面提出多种提高绞吸式挖泥船施工能效的方法.实践表明,这些方法的运用降低了绞吸船式挖泥船施工的成本,节约了能耗,取得了很好的经济效益.     

有机朗肯循环系统中管壳式换热器选型

本文介绍了有机朗肯循环(ORC)系统中标准系列化管壳式换热器选型的方法,该方法以实例为出发点,依托理论计算,高效准确的选择出符合要求的换热器。