城市路网的层次性研究

基于城市道路分级现状和可达性理论把我国城市路网划分为3层结构体系,并对各层路网的构成要点和功能分担进行了详述。     

Travel time variability and airport accessibility

We analyze the cost of access travel time variability for air travelers. Reliable access to airports is important since the cost of missing a flight is likely to be high. First, the determinants of the preferred arrival times at airports are analyzed. Second, the willingness to pay (WTP) for reductions in access travel time, early and late arrival time at the airport, and the probability to miss a flight are estimated, using a stated choice experiment. The results indicate that the WTPs are relatively high. Third, a model is developed to calculate the cost of variable travel times for representative air travelers going by car, taking into account travel time cost, scheduling cost and the cost of missing a flight using empirical travel time data. In this model, the value of reliability for air travelers is derived taking “anticipating departure time choice” into account, meaning that travelers determine their departure time from home optimally. Results of the numerical exercise show that the cost of access travel time variability for business travelers are between 0% and 30% of total access travel cost, and for non-business travelers between 0% and 25%. These numbers depend strongly on the time of the day.     

城市干路拥堵社会经济评价方法

为评估城市干路交通拥堵导致的经济、环境成本和公众利益损失及其对区域架构的影响,设计了一种定量与定性相结合的分析方法.给出了因交通拥堵产生的八类损失,包括:出行时间损失、燃油损失及车辆损耗、交通事故损失、噪声损失及尾气排放增加的损失等五类从经济或环境、技术角度可量化的损失,以及交通拥堵导致机构搬迁对当地经济的影响、危险品...     

Characterisation of and reflections on the synergy of bicycles and public transport

The bicycle is often understood as a disjointed ‘feeder’ mode that provides access to public transport. We argue that combined use of the bicycle and public transport should be understood in a broader perspective, especially where bicycles link to higher speed and higher capacity public transport, such as the train. Cycling and public transport can have a symbiotic relationship forming a hybrid, distinct transport mode, which should be reflected in transport planning. The bicycle is as a way to soften the rigid nature of public transport and thus accommodate diverse individual travel needs and situations. Public transport can be seen as a means to dramatically extend cycling’s speed and spatial reach. We combine a system perspective with conceptual analysis to explore how, why and when this reconsideration is important. We use the Netherlands as illustrative case because of the relative maturity of its bicycle–train connections. The case shows that the synergy between rather opposite yet highly complementary aspects, high speed of the train, high accessibility of the bicycle and flexibility in combining both sub-modes, are the fundamental characteristics to understand the functioning of this system in a wider spatial context. In our conclusion we propose a research agenda, to further explore the relevance of this system for land-use and transport planning and distil wider implications for the international debate.     

The value of transportation accessibility in a least developed country city – The case of Rajshahi City,Bangladesh

Little appears to be known about the capitalization of transportation accessibility in South Asian housing markets, which typically differ from those of industrialized countries. This study starts addressing this gap by providing empirical evidence about the nature and the magnitude of the value of accessibility as reflected by residential rents in Rajshahi City, Bangladesh. Results of our SARAR spatial hedonic model estimated on 526 observations from a random sample collected via in-person interviews indicate that the rent of a multi-unit dwelling decreases by 0.0239% for every 1% increase in network access distance to the nearest major road. Moreover, proximity (within 400 m) to a primary school and to a healthcare facility commands rent premiums of respectively 93.55 BDT ($1.40) and 109.45 BDT ($1.64). Surprisingly, whether access roads are paved or not does not statistically impact rents, probably because of the dominance of walking, rickshaws use, and biking, combined with the rarity of personal cars. Likewise, proximity to bus stops and to train stations is not reflected in rents of multi-family dwellings, likely because buses and trains in Rajshahi City only provide regional and national service. Differences in estimates of our spatial models between maximum likelihood (ML) and generalized spatial two-stage-least-squares illustrate the danger of relying on ML in the presence of heteroskedasticity. These results should be useful for planning transportation infrastructure funding measures in least developed country cities like Rajshahi City.     

Impacts of automated vehicles on travel behaviour and land use: an international review of modelling studies

ABSTRACT

Automated vehicles (AVs) could completely change mobility in the coming years and decades. As AVs are still under development and gathering empirical data for further analysis is not yet possible, existing studies mainly applied models and simulations to assess their impact. This paper provides a comprehensive review of modelling studies investigating the impacts of AVs on travel behaviour and land use. It shows that AVs are mostly found to increase vehicle miles travelled and reduce public transport and slow modes share. This particularly applies to private AVs, which are also leading to a more dispersed urban growth pattern. Shared automated vehicle fleets, conversely, could have positive impacts, including reducing the overall number of vehicles and parking spaces. Moreover, if it is assumed that automation would make the public transport system more efficient, AVs could lead to a favouring of urbanisation processes. However, results are very sensitive to model assumptions which are still very uncertain (e.g. the perception of time in AVs) and more research to gain further insight should have priority in future research as well as the development of the models and their further adaptation to AVs.     

可达性在城市群交通规划中的应用研究

分析了城市群交通发展的新方式,指出了城市群交通规划中＂四阶段＂模型的缺陷,它不能准确地反应城市发展过程中城市之间的联系程度和交通需求强度。为此,将可达性贯穿于城市群交通规划中,阐述了传统路网可达性的计算方法在城市群规划中的不适用性,提出了基于节点重要度的城市群可达性计算新方法,能比较准确地反应不同阶段城市群内部之间的联系程度,为交通规划提供了一定的参考。     

综合运输可达性与物流经济的空间分异及耦合

综合运输可达性与物流经济之间存在耦合关系.以丝绸之路经济带为例,基于省域层面的面板数据,利用ArcGIS 可视化平台,分析综合运输可达性及节点城市物流经济发展水平的空间分异特征;进一步解析综合运输可达性与物流经济的耦合协调机制,构建耦合协调度模型,分析综合运输可达性与物流经济的耦合协调发展格局.结果显示：整体空间上,综合运输可达性与物流经济发展水平的区域差异显著,均呈现“东高西低” 的空间分布格局;综合运输可达性与物流经济的协调发展度差异显著,且整体水平不高,丝绸之路经济带的综合运输基础设施实际投入和物流产出的匹配度有待提高,且对物流经济发展的支撑作用尚未充分发挥.     

基于GIS 的区域公交可达性计算方法0

为计算城市内部特定区域对周边其他区域的公交可达性,更加直观地得到不同区域公交可达性差异程度,提出区域公交可达性概念.借助GIS 空间分析功能,提出基于公交站点权重和公交线路辐射范围权重的区域公交可达性计算方法.以北京市朝阳区为例,计算朝阳区30 个交通小区的区域公交可达性值.结果表明,区域公交可达性值,可以更加直观地展现城市内部不同区域对周边其他区域的公交可达性水平,这为选址分析、公交优化等提供了定量化的公交可达性信息.     

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针对北京市三环内实际交通网络,分别构建城市道路交通网络和由城市轨道交通网络叠加形成的城市复合交通网络模型。基于复杂网络理论,采用Matlab计算节点度、聚类系数、平均路径长度、介数和节点紧密度等指标,分析了其分布规律,然后对这两个网络模型的统计特征值进行比较分析。结果表明,它们都具有一定的随机网络模型和无标度网络模型的小聚类系数特征,叠加后的城市交通网络直径和平均最短路径减小,平均度、聚类系数和节点紧密度都有不同程度增加,使整个路网的可达性得到了一定的提高,网络承载力变大。