城市路网的层次性研究

基于城市道路分级现状和可达性理论把我国城市路网划分为3层结构体系,并对各层路网的构成要点和功能分担进行了详述。     

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针对北京市三环内实际交通网络,分别构建城市道路交通网络和由城市轨道交通网络叠加形成的城市复合交通网络模型。基于复杂网络理论,采用Matlab计算节点度、聚类系数、平均路径长度、介数和节点紧密度等指标,分析了其分布规律,然后对这两个网络模型的统计特征值进行比较分析。结果表明,它们都具有一定的随机网络模型和无标度网络模型的小聚类系数特征,叠加后的城市交通网络直径和平均最短路径减小,平均度、聚类系数和节点紧密度都有不同程度增加,使整个路网的可达性得到了一定的提高,网络承载力变大。     

Extending the Scope of Highway Planning: Accessibility,Negative Externalities and the Residential Context

The objectives of this review-based paper were twofold. Firstly, we aimed to explore the need and possibilities for broadening the scope of highway planning by taking account of the residential context, including residential satisfaction. Satisfaction appears to be an interesting, and in our opinion, valuable mediating planning concept between road infrastructure planning and the accompanying external effects on the one hand and household coping strategies on the other. Households living near highway infrastructure are influenced by both positive (i.e. accessibility gains) and negative road-related factors (e.g. noise nuisance and air pollution). Changes in these factors may trigger people to accept the new situation, adjust preferences, try to influence plans and/or even relocate. The second aim was to gain a greater understanding of the influence of both accessibility characteristics and negative externalities on the residential context of households. With respect to context, we make a distinction between residential satisfaction, housing prices and residential relocation. We see changes in residential satisfaction as a potential early predictor of opposition to plans, not only from active opposers but also from the more ‘silent majority’, and as a predictor of housing price changes and residential migration. Insights into residential satisfaction around highways may help transportation planners to relieve locational stress and may also prevent protests and relocations. Our literature review indicated that households prefer to live close to highways to benefit from high regional accessibility, but do not want to contend with the nuisances. This is also reflected in property values. However, the literature appears to put more emphasis on studying the impact of (regional) accessibility and externalities on location behaviour than on residential satisfaction. Because of the added value that the concept of residential satisfaction may provide in road planning, and the limited scientific insights, it is important to gain greater insight into how residential satisfaction is influenced by negative and positive externalities and into how residential satisfaction changes over time—from the stage when new road projects are discussed through to concrete planning, realization and the period after completion. Moreover, it would be worthwhile to gain a deeper understanding of the extent to which house prices, location behaviour and residential satisfaction near highways interrelate.     

基于可达性的城市群交通网络公平性分析

研究交通网络的可达性和公平性有助于更好地把握城市群范围内不同城市的发展水平和差异,更具针对性地制定规划和功能提升策略。利用实时路径规划数据,获取公路及公路衔接高铁两出行场景下的出行成本,运用Arcgis工具分析城市群内交通网络可达性;提出基尼系数与泰尔指数双指标公平性测度思路,对比分析其可达性差异特征;以关中平原城市群为例进行验证。结果表明：城市群范围内高铁网络的可达性水平整体高于公路网络,但存在部分地区(无高铁站点)高铁出行可达性低于公路网络出行;公路网络可达性呈现出由核心城市逐级递减的格局,高铁网络呈现出沿线路廊道向两侧递减的格局;出行时间可达性数量分布具有一定的正态特征,而空间可达性分布则显示出指数分布特征;两出行场景下的可达性分布均表现为不公平,基于经济发展水平的可达性分布不公平性更强;高铁网络加剧了城市间的时间可达性差异,但缩小了城市间的经济潜力差距。     

基于出行时间可达性的公共交通竞争力评估模型

为实现区域公共交通与小汽车间出行竞争力的定量化评价和影响关系解析,利用公共交通动静态数据、出租车运行数据及出行调查数据提取公共交通个体出行链和小汽车出行用时等信息,结合路径规划API(Application Programming Interface)计算公共交通及小汽车全过程出行耗时,基于全过程出行时间可达性视角构建公共交通竞争力评价模型;考虑公共交通竞争力的空间效应,分别选取土地利用和交通设施因素作为解释变量,提出基于空间杜宾模型的公共交通竞争力影响模型;以北京市为例,探究早、晚高峰等不同时段下区域公共交通竞争力与各影响因素之间的交互关系。结果表明：早、晚高峰期间公共交通竞争力的平均值均在1.50以内,平峰时段约为1.74,市中心区、地铁沿线和大部分居住社区周边区域的公共交通出行竞争力相对较高;各时段下公共交通竞争力呈现明显的空间依赖性,且存在“低-低聚集”“高-高聚集”的典型聚集区域;土地利用混合度、办公就业密度和地铁站点密度等因素具有显著的负向空间溢出效应,而道路网密度和绕行系数则表现出显著的正向效应。综上,所提出的评价模型能够定量化评估公共交通竞争力,所建影响模型能够在考虑空间依赖性的基础上解释竞争力与因素间的相互关系。     

综合运输体系下城市公路网络布局方法研究

依据发展综合运输体系对城市公路网布局的新要求,通过节点选择、线路重要度密度最优树求解、基于可达性的公路网络布局完善等,形成适应综合运输体系的城市公路网络布局方法,并以太仓市域快速通道体系布局规划为例进行了验证。     

在创建无障碍示范城市中提升市政工程无障碍的质量

结合2008年、2009年苏州市创建全国无障碍示范城市工作,总结了市政道路工程无障碍施工的常见问题及解决办法,并重点阐述了关于市政道路无障碍坡道设计的思考。     

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随着城市规模的不断扩大,地铁的出现在一定程度上缓解了城市交通拥堵问题. 国内多个城市都已经开通或新规划了多条地铁线路. 如何评价地铁对于城市公交网可达性的改善作用,从而为地铁站点规划和线路分布的决策提供理论支持,是迫切需要关注的问题. 本文采用复杂网络分析法,把公交站点作为节点,站点间的连线作为边,建立了包含地铁线的南京市公交网的拓扑模型. 以站点间的最少站点数和最少转车次数作为衡量交通可达性的指标,分析了Space L和Space P模型中地铁对于城市公交网可达性的影响. 结果表明,地铁的开通提高了城市公交网的整体可达性. 南京地铁沿线站点到其他站点的可达性、地铁沿线站点到商业中心的可达性的提高更为明显.     

城市干路拥堵社会经济评价方法

为评估城市干路交通拥堵导致的经济、环境成本和公众利益损失及其对区域架构的影响,设计了一种定量与定性相结合的分析方法.给出了因交通拥堵产生的八类损失,包括:出行时间损失、燃油损失及车辆损耗、交通事故损失、噪声损失及尾气排放增加的损失等五类从经济或环境、技术角度可量化的损失,以及交通拥堵导致机构搬迁对当地经济的影响、危险品...     

Travel time variability and airport accessibility

We analyze the cost of access travel time variability for air travelers. Reliable access to airports is important since the cost of missing a flight is likely to be high. First, the determinants of the preferred arrival times at airports are analyzed. Second, the willingness to pay (WTP) for reductions in access travel time, early and late arrival time at the airport, and the probability to miss a flight are estimated, using a stated choice experiment. The results indicate that the WTPs are relatively high. Third, a model is developed to calculate the cost of variable travel times for representative air travelers going by car, taking into account travel time cost, scheduling cost and the cost of missing a flight using empirical travel time data. In this model, the value of reliability for air travelers is derived taking “anticipating departure time choice” into account, meaning that travelers determine their departure time from home optimally. Results of the numerical exercise show that the cost of access travel time variability for business travelers are between 0% and 30% of total access travel cost, and for non-business travelers between 0% and 25%. These numbers depend strongly on the time of the day.