Measuring the expected locational accessibility of urban transit network for commuting trips

This paper focuses on measuring of the expected locational accessibility (ELA) of urban transit networks for commuters. The ELA of the transit network is measured by a factor named expected locational accessibility index (ELAI), which is calculated based on the expected number of reachable stations with different times of transfers (ENRST) starting from any one transit station on the network. Two approaches, the sample-test-statistics method and the topological analysis method for determining the ENRST are proposed and tested with an example transit network. Finally, the proposed methods are applied to an empirical study for evaluating the ELA performance of bus transit network for commuters of Xiamen City, China. The empirical results show that the ELAI obtained by our two methods are relatively smaller than those obtained by the existing methods. The reason is analyzed to guarantee the accuracy of ELAI measurement.     

基于非理想维修的状态维修决策模型研究

针对状态维修决策模型没有考虑所采用的维修方式及其维修效果对于装备可用度的影响,结合比例役龄消减模型的假设建立了维修方式优化模型。该模型主要研究了装备可用度随维修次数及提高因子的变化规律,并对每次维修所采用的维修方式进行优化,使得装备可用度最大。结果表明：设备的更新与维修有机结合会极大的提高装备的可用度。     

城市群公路可达性与衔接提升研究

为探究城市群路网服务能力，提升城市群可达性水平，提出以中心城市到其他节点的出行时间作为城市群可达性基数，按照等时线测度交通服务的可达性概念，给出了公路交通以及公路衔接其他交通方式下的城市群可达性测算方法。根据测算出的到中心城市出行时间将各区域划分为不同等级的交通圈，并分别以面积、人口、GDP三项指标的小时交通圈覆盖率对公路交通以及公路衔接其他交通方式下城市群可达性水平进行评价。以关中城市群为例，分别测算了公路网络、公路衔接现状高速铁路网络与公路衔接规划中高速铁路网络3种情景下的城市群可达性。经过比对分析发现，公路衔接高速铁路对扩大城市群2 h交通圈具有重要贡献，其中交通圈等级提升明显的县域主要沿铁路线路分布，且呈现距离中心城市西安越远，提升等级越高的趋势。公路衔接高速铁路模式的优势主要体现在中长距离的出行，即1，2 h交通圈上。在引入规划中的高速铁路、城际铁路后，发现城市群可达性进一步提升，2 h交通圈覆盖率进一步扩大，面积覆盖率达到95%，但城市群内仍有少部分区域距离中心城市的出行时间达到2 h以上，即规划的路网仍不能满足《交通强国建设纲要》中“城市群2小时通达”的目标，需要考虑进一步引入更快速的交通方式并配合完善公路网。     

河南省高速公路网络发育程度评价与分析

作为河南省区域联系的快速通道,高速公路网络对河南省国民经济与社会发展起着至关重要的作用.通过选取通达指数、伸展指数、趋中指数等指标,以河南省18个中心城市的最短路径矩阵为基础,对河南省区域高速公路网络的发育程度进行了定量评价.结果显示,河南省高速公路网络发育程度在空间格局上呈现明显的“核心—外围”模式,通达指数最高的城市集中在中心城市郑州周围,较低的城市分布在外围地区;趋中指数排序与通达指数排序相吻合;河南省边缘地区城市的通达性需要提高,区域高速公路网络需要进一步完善.     

Flexible transport services: A new market opportunity for public transport

The term Demand-Responsive Transport (DRT) has been increasingly applied in the last 10 years to a niche market that replaces or feeds (usually via small low floor buses or taxis) conventional transport where demand is low and often spread over a large area. More recently, the concept of DRT as a niche market has been broadened to include a wider range of flexible, demand-responsive transport services and is increasingly referred to as Flexible Transport Services (FTSs). The contention of this paper is that well-implemented FTS has the potential to revitalise bus-based public transport services which are traditionally based on fixed networks with variable geographical coverage and levels of service.     

虚拟环境下的舰船维修性设计方法探讨

针对当前舰船维修性设计中遇到的问题，对利用虚拟现实技术解决舰船的空间可达性、视觉可达性等问题的方法进行了探讨，并提出了可行的解决方法，该方法对于提高维修性设计效率、节省设计经费具有积极的作用。     

腹地-口岸可达性格局演化及其空间溢出效应分析

为探索一带一路影响下腹地-口岸可达性演化特征及其空间溢出效应，构建腹地-口岸可达性测算模型，运用泰尔指数和空间马尔科夫链分析其空间差异特征及溢出效应。结果表明：腹地-口岸可达性高值区沿主要运输通道延伸并呈以经济实力较强的城市和城市群为中心的群状集聚现象。腹地-口岸可达性逐年优化，高值区向一带一路沿线扩散趋势明显；腹地-口岸可达性空间差异呈现以2013年为界先减少后增加的V型变化特征，东部和西部可达性空间非均衡程度大于中部和东北部；高可达性城市具有显著的正向空间溢出效应，低可达性城市与高可达性城市相邻时其类型向上转移的概率大于与中、低可达性城市相邻概率，且一带一路之后，类型向上转 移概率高于一带一路之前；腹地-口岸可达性形成以最短旅行时间为主导、路网密度为支撑的时空演化格局。     

高铁对城市经济空间结构影响的研究综述

高铁是区域快速综合交通网的主骨架，作为城市间高效快捷的出行方式，为提升通道客运能力和缓解既有铁路货运压力起到重要作用。本文从高铁对城市可达性、要素市场及空间结构的影响等3方面，综述了国内外高铁对城市经济空间结构影响研究的主要成果，归纳总结了共性结论和存在的分歧。通过分析高铁对城市可达性变化的程度和可达性变化在不同区域之间是否平衡，揭示高铁(网络)对城市间出行需求的直接影响。城市可达性的改善进一步重塑生产要素的区域空间分布，加速资本和人口流动，促进产业发展和就业改善，并对土地和住房市场产生深远影响。市场各种要素的相互作用给城市宏观经济发展，特别是高铁站区空间重构带来重大机遇。系统评估高铁对城市经济空间结构的影响，能够为管理部门高铁投资决策、规划建设及影响评估等提供参考。最后，结合理论研究与实践经验，并基于新时代背景展望了有待开展的若干重点研究方向：一是将城市群视作新的利益集合体，研究高铁投资的经济效益、收益分配和高铁开通后对城市群经济发展和要素空间分布的影响；二是探究高铁通勤行为对城市资本、人口和土地等要素市场的影响，剖析车站选址和票价变化等影响高铁通勤的关键性因素；三是考虑城市间高铁竞争与合作博弈行为和客货混跑模式对城市经济空间结构影响的新变化；四是运用大数据和机器学习等新兴技术分析高铁对城市经济微观层面的影响。     

Community Severance: Where Is It Found and at What Cost?

Community severance occurs when transport infrastructure or motorised traffic divides space and people. Despite the growing awareness of its effects on the wellbeing of local communities, the problem is not usually assessed quantitatively or assigned a monetary value. This paper reviews existing practice and research on quantitative methods dealing with community severance. The problem is first decomposed into a series of questions, which are then used as a base to review the methods found in governmental guidance documents, technical reports, and academic studies. The paper ends with recommendations for the integration of severance issues into transport planning.     

Multicriteria evaluation on accessibility‐based transportation equity in road network design problem

This paper investigates the performance of accessibility‐based equity measurements in transportation and proposes a multiobjective optimization model to simulate the trade‐offs between equity maximization and cost minimization of network construction. The equity is defined as the spatial distribution of accessibilities across zone areas. Six representative indicators were formulated, including GINI coefficient, Theil index, mean log deviation, relative mean deviation, coefficient of variation, and Atkinson index, and incorporated into an equity maximization model to evaluate the performance sensitivity. A bilevel multiobjective optimization model was proposed to obtain the Pareto‐optimal solutions for link capacity enhancement in a stochastic road network design problem. A numerical analysis using the Sioux Falls data was implemented. Results verified that the equity indicators are quite sensitive to the pattern of network scenarios in the sense that the level of equity varies according to the amount of overall capacity enhancement as well as the assignment of improved link segments. The suggested multiobjective model that enables representing the Pareto‐optimal solutions can provide multiple options in the decision making of road network design. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.