基于绕行系数的交通可达性研究

为了评价不同路网形态下的城市道路可达性和对出行者的出行方式选择的影响,通过引入绕行系数的概念,对不同路网密度和交通管理策略的案例研究,说明可达性的变化对交通方式选择的影响。提出了基于绕行系数的可达性分析的基本思路,研究结果表明：仅以出行距离作为交通方式选择的影响要素条件下,可达性的改善有利于非机动出行方式分担率提高,合理的城市路网密度和适当的交通管理策略有利于多种交通方式共同发展。     

考虑出行费用的就业可达性分析

良好的就业可达性有助于创新职住对接机制，是建设可持续城市的关键问题。既有可达性研究对于出行成本的考虑多局限于出行距离或出行时间，未充分考虑出行费用并研究其对不同出行方式的影响。本文基于互联网地图和工商数据平台的POI(Point of Interest)数据和实时路径规划数据，获取细粒度的就业和出行成本信息，采用改进的两步移动搜索算法，提出考虑出行费用的就业可达性度量方法，研究公共交通和小汽车两种出行方式的就业可达性并评估出行费用对就业可达性的影响。针对北京的案例研究表明：考虑出行费用后，小汽车平均出行成本由仅为公共交通54%变化至高于公共交通6%。就业可达性对出行费用敏感，仅考虑出行时间无法完全体现就业选择与出行成本之间复杂的互动机制。出行费用的影响体现在公共交通与小汽车可达性平均降低7.3%和4.8%；若不考虑出行费用，五环至六环地铁沿线街道的就业可达性会被低估。出行成本对可达性的影响存在阈值效应，阈值越高，影响越小。本文有助于规划者和政策制定者形成就业可达性引领的职住平衡调整策略。     

Exploring built environment impacts on transit use – an updated meta-analysis

ABSTRACT

The built environment (BE) is widely accepted to influence transit use (TU). Evidence to date suggests the relationship is dependent on many factors which can be difficult to account for in quantitative studies. This creates barriers to transferring research into practice. Considering many studies together can be useful for accounting for more of the factors impacting transit use. Yet, meta-analysis of research measuring these influences was last undertaken in 2010 based on 18 studies. Since then 90 new quantitative studies have been published. These recent studies use improved methodologies and are conducted in more diverse geographies. This paper reports an improved and updated meta-analysis of built environment impacts on transit use. It compares elasticity estimates from research published pre-and post-2010 and explores the impact of new methods and a more diverse geographical representation on findings. Updated meta-elasticities range from <0.01 to 0.26; a similar range to the 2010 study. However, at the individual indicator levels, more recent results are different. Elasticities for urban density, including population, employment and commercial density, have increased significantly in studies published since 2010, as did that of land use mix. However, measures of local access, design and jobs-housing balance decreased in post-2010 studies. These results confirm the small but imprecise relationship between the BE and TU. Results also suggest that while the range of elasticity impacts is relatively consistent, new study methodologies, notably those that control for regional accessibility and self-selection, and the increasing geographical diversity in study applications, is acting to change BE-TU findings at the indicator level. Research setting and context are important to consider when using empirical results to design BE strategies to promote transit use.     

Factors that affect the ability of people with disabilities to walk or wheel to destinations in their community: a scoping review

ABSTRACT

It is essential that the pedestrian environment accommodates all users so they can participate in everything the community has to offer. However, people with disabilities (PWDs) often find it difficult to navigate this environment because of physical and social accessibility factors. While we know a great deal about which factors act as barriers and facilitators to mobility, we do not know enough about how they influence navigation (i.e. planning a route, en route decisions, and route learning) or how they can be improved. A scoping review was conducted to identify these factors, assess their implications, and suggest future directions. In total, 3394 studies were found and screened, 163 full-text articles were reviewed, and 37 articles met the inclusion criteria for the final review. These studies focused on those with visual impairments, navigating crosswalks, and the cognitive elements of navigation. Future research is needed that includes more types of disabilities, considers the navigational process from planning to arrival, and evaluates interventions.     

交通可达性对居住地选择的影响--以成都市为例

为了解新型城镇化战略下大城市中心区居民外迁至卫星城时的居住地选择行为特征及偏好，选取卫星城居住地周边学校、医院、商业设施、轨道交通车站及到中心区交通可达性作为主要变量。根据家庭成员组成特征将样本家庭划分为5类，对比分析不同家庭居住地选择行为特征及偏好。结合家庭社会经济属性形成了一套包含8种情景的正交设计组合问卷，对成都市中心区居民进行意愿调查，并建立Logit模型对居住地选择行为进行分析。结果表明，学校、医院等主要服务设施的交通可达性及家庭自身属性均对中心区居民外迁行为存在显著影响，同时定量分析各变量对居民选择外迁意愿的影响程度，最后提出有助于中心区人口疏解到卫星城的交通政策和措施建议。     

就业可达性量化方法及分布特征研究——以南京市为例

基于国外传统可达性测算方法,建立适用于中国城市交通特征的就业可达性量化方法。在对比分析常用的四种可达性测算模型的基础上,以南京市为实例,针对老城区分别构建了小汽车和公共汽车出行就业可达性模型,同时建立新城区就业可达性模型,以此分析南京市就业可达性空间分布特征。研究表明：南京市主城区就业可达性随着出行距离增加而提高,且提高程度逐步降低;公共汽车出行就业可达性低于小汽车,在城市外围地区尤为明显;新城区就业可达性远低于老城区,职住失衡以及交通通道欠缺是主要原因。最后,通过借鉴国际城市发展经验,提出南京市不同片区就业可达性改善措施。     

轨道交通站点开发利益影响范围研究

利用零售力法则计算轨道站点被城市各中心吸引的概率,并利用可达性指标计算各站点在单中心影响情况下的轨道站点影响范围,结合以上两模型确定轨道站点开发利益影响范围计算模型。该模型能够用于城市多中心情况下轨道站点开发利益影响范围及相邻站点间影响范围分界线的计算,并能为轨道沿线土地利用开发、交通接驳设施设计以及轨道交通开发利益还原提供技术支持。     

Estimating road network accessibility during a hurricane evacuation: A case study of hurricane Irma in Florida

Understanding the spatio-temporal road network accessibility during a hurricane evacuation—the level of ease of residents in an area in reaching evacuation destination sites through the road network—is a critical component of emergency management. While many studies have attempted to measure road accessibility (either in the scope of evacuation or beyond), few have considered both dynamic evacuation demand and characteristics of a hurricane. This study proposes a methodological framework to achieve this goal. In an interval of every six hours, the method first estimates the evacuation demand in terms of number of vehicles per household in each county subdivision (sub-county) by considering the hurricane’s wind radius and track. The closest facility analysis is then employed to model evacuees’ route choices towards the predefined evacuation destinations. The potential crowdedness index (PCI), a metric capturing the level of crowdedness of each road segment, is then computed by coupling the estimated evacuation demand and route choices. Finally, the road accessibility of each sub-county is measured by calculating the reciprocal of the sum of PCI values of corresponding roads connecting evacuees from the sub-county to the designated destinations. The method is applied to the entire state of Florida during Hurricane Irma in September 2017. Results show that I-75 and I-95 northbound have a high level of congestion, and sub-counties along the northbound I-95 suffer from the worst road accessibility. In addition, this research performs a sensitivity analysis for examining the impacts of different choices of behavioral response curves on accessibility results.     

A comparative analysis of transportation-based accessibility to mental health services

The demand for mental health services has been growing stronger over the last couple of decades. This indicates the need to study and assess the access to these mental health services especially with a focus on the vulnerable populations having the greatest need. As such, this paper presents a Geographical Information Systems (GIS)-based analysis in order to study and evaluate the accessibility of mental health facilities using the information on the spatial distributions of population and facilities, and regional traffic characteristics. For this purpose, different age group segments are utilized including the total population as well as those aged between 18 and 21, 22 and 49, 50 and 64, and those aged over 65 and 85. Focusing on the State of Florida, spatially detailed accessibility metrics are calculated with regard to healthcare facilities using travel times between population block groups and these critical mental health facilities. These estimates are used to calculate the weighted county accessibility scores for each county. Findings clearly delineate those counties that lack access to mental facilities, especially those in Northwest Florida, a demographically diverse and substantially rural region. This type of analysis can help planners and policy makers develop better strategies in order to provide adequate mental health care options needed in targeted locations.     

基于停车行为调查的商业区停车空间组织研究

以广州市为例,对以北京路商业区为代表的传统商业区和以天河商业区为代表的现代商业区的4个停车场进行停车目的、停车步行距离、停车场类型、停车场安全、可接受停车费用5种停车特性的停车行为调查。调查结果显示：停车便利是停车者对商业停车空间组织最主要的要求,可以通过合理的诱导,提高停车空间的利用率,进而增强商场停车的便利性;应该利用合适的商场停车优惠政策,适时实施停车吸引或停车阻碍措施,更好地进行商场停车空间组织。最后借助模糊综合评价,对4个商业停车场的吸引能力进行排序,指出停车承受能力的高低将严重影响商场的竞争能力。