水上交通事故致因理论探讨

在对比国际上有代表性的事故致因理论的基础上提出水上交通事故致因理论,认为水上交通事故的本质原因在于水上交通安全管理体系的缺陷,并通过案例进行验证。     

浅谈公路桥头跳车病害

该文从路基沉降、结构体系和施工方法等方面,对公路桥头跳车病害进行原因分析,并通过工程实例给出相应的病害防治措施,可为类似的桥头跳车的处理提供借鉴。     

略论校园事故民事责任

未成年学生在校伤亡事故时有发生,该类事件发生后,往往引起学生家长方与学校方之间的纠纷。对于校园事故民事责任的认定、承担等法律问题,教育界、法律界人士也各自提出了不同的意见。现有法律如《民法通则》、《人身损害赔偿意见》、《学生伤害事故处理办法》等规定亦不完全一致。本文拟对校园事故民事责任的有关法律问题作一初步探讨。     

A list of accident scenarios for three legs skewed intersections

The term ‘scenario’ is used in the safety field to designate a prototype or a model of an accident process characterised by chains of facts, actions, causal relations and consequences in terms of damage to people and property. The prototypical scenarios, properly realized, provide a basis on which to consider the action to be taken, but also a concrete backup for accident information for use in information campaigns or training. The objective of this study is to define the prototypical accident scenarios for a particular configuration of road intersection: the skewed intersection. Limited sight distance at skewed intersections leads to safety issues. A non-skewed intersection provides the best operating conditions as drivers can easily sense the direction in which they are travelling, estimate the speeds of the opposing traffic and smoothly complete a maneuver in shorter time. In skewed intersections, instead, the ability of drivers to recognize any conflicting vehicles diminishes in comparison to right-angle intersections. The logical-deductive approach used in this paper for the determination of accident scenarios is based on an analysis of a large database of incidents, which occurred on several roads in eastern Sicily on 35 skewed intersections at three-legs. The skew angle of the minor leg of all the intersections studied is between 15° and 20°. This research allowed to develop accident scenarios related to particular configurations of intersections, compatible with the Italian rules. Prototypical scenarios are constructed using samples of accidents occurring on a particular type of study area, especially when they are based on files from in-depth investigations. The method used is an inductive approach, based on an examination of each case, grouping together similar cases and building a prototypical scenario using this case grouping. From the in-depth analysis of database accidents 9 prototypical accident scenarios have been identified for the skewed intersections.     

铁路客车轴承电腐蚀原因浅析

介绍了电腐蚀的分类与特征 ,通过对客车轴承故障特征进行分析 ,得到了提速客车轴承发生电腐蚀的原因和规律 ,提出了针对性的改进措施。     

大体积混凝土桥墩裂缝分析整治及建议

研究目的：对大体积桥墩混凝土表面裂缝产生的原因进行分析，据此研究制定相应的整治措施，并针对铁路客运专线桥梁墩台裂缝控制提出建议。 研究方法：根据桥墩裂缝发生的部位，建立桥墩有限元分析模型，对桥墩在恒载、活载、墩身内外温差、混凝土收缩和降温等最不利荷载组合情况下进行墩身结构的空间应力分析，根据分析结果来确定裂缝产生的原因。 研究结果：混凝土收缩和降温或水化热产生的墩身混凝土表面最大拉应力远远大于恒载加活载的劈裂应力，超出混凝土的抗拉强度。混凝土收缩和降温或大体积混凝土的水化热应力是桥墩开裂的主要因素。 研究结论：铁路客运专线大体积混凝土桥墩在设计与施工时应采取降低内外温差等有效措施以防止产生裂缝。     

某新型地铁车辆转向架轴箱温升异常的探讨

从轴承的润滑状况、制造质量和配合尺寸等方面对某新型地铁车辆转向架轴箱温升异常进行分析,确定轴承安装孔尺寸与形位公差不理想是导致温升异常的主要原因,并进行温升试验验证。     

铁路货车摇枕断裂疲劳失效分析研究

2004年底在黑龙江某地的维修检查中发现某铁路货车1位摇枕裂断,整个断面均为新断面,无旧痕。在裂纹源附近的断口分别进行扫描电镜和金相观察检验,测试了摇枕材料的常规理化性能指标。结果表明断口面上可见人字状裂纹扩展台阶,由摇枕的底部向上部扩展,断口并无明显疲劳断裂贝纹线特征;裂纹源区铸造缺陷及局部富含大量有害元素,如Pb、Sn、S等;常规理化性能检验结果符合标准要求。综合分析认为,摇枕裂断属于脆性断裂,与多种因素相关,但是裂纹源区铸造缺陷及局部富含大量有害元素应是造成疲劳裂纹萌生和扩展的主要原因。     

混凝土裂缝成因及控制

针对目前建筑混凝土的裂缝问题,分别从温度应力、原材料质量、收缩形变、钢筋锈蚀以及施工工艺质量几个方面论述了开裂原因,并提出了相应的控制措施。