断面测量系统在隧道围岩变化量测中的应用

研究目的:采用徕卡断面测量系统对隧道围岩净空位移变化进行量测,该断面测量系统的机载软件能自动采集隧道围岩净空位移变化数据,再利用其后处理软件进行数据分析与处理,可以快捷地获得隧道围岩变化量测结果,并以准确直观的图形和数据表输出,为隧道围岩的稳定性判断和施工提供依据。研究结论:采用断面测量系统进行围岩净空位移量测是可行的,在判定隧道围岩的稳定性、支护效果、发现变异等方面取得了良好的效果,保证了数据的准确性和可靠性,减少了人为误差,为隧道施工提供了科学合理的数据依据,保证了施工安全和施工质量,加快了施工进度,也为优化隧道设计提供了重要依据。     

预应力钢绞线伸长量的准确计算与量测方法

预应力钢绞线伸长量偏差作为校核预应力施加是否达到设计控制张拉力的一个重要指标,其理论伸长量的准确计算与实际伸长量准确量测、计算是保证伸长量偏差的准确性的根本。对预应力钢绞线理论伸长量的准确计算方法,实际伸长量量测、计算方法作较系统的介绍,可供从事工程技术人员参考。     

土工格室加筋路堤边坡离心模型试验研究

以边坡高度12 m,坡度为1∶0.75,共铺设土工格室20层,层厚为0.6 m的某二级公路为原型路堤,设计和制作了9组土工格室加筋和1组未加土工格室边坡相似模型,对土工格室加筋边坡变形和破坏力学机理进行了离心模型试验研究。在试验加载过程中,采用位移传感器测量坡顶的变形,通过摄影照相记录边坡破坏全过程。试验发现,土工格室加筋边坡破坏过程可划分为变形、开裂、局部剪切塑性变形和破坏四个阶段。土工格室加筋边坡的破坏模式表现为加筋区的整体破坏,并与未加筋区有明显的分界线。加大格室高度与层厚比和提高格室长度与坡高之比有利于增加边坡的稳定性,但存在一个临界值。填料强度对土工格室加筋边坡的影响十分突出,边坡坡度对其稳定性的影响则不大。     

地方海事行政执法难点探析

地方海事行政执法是法律法规授权的具有独立主体的行政执法,也是地方海事机构的主要社会功能和赖以存在的价值所在。本文根据笔者多年来海事执法实践,对地方海事行政执法过程中存在的外在执法难问题进行了综合分析,并提出了相应对策。     

严格计量程序 确保支付合理

公路工程计量与支付工作是工程建设过程中的重要组成内容，是保证投资的手段，在工程实施过程中，我们应始终坚持公平、公正的原则，明确计量与支付工作的程序，做到“三不计”——不超计、不漏计、不重计。     

虚拟仪器在内燃机测试中的开发应用

提出了一种由笔记本电脑及其专用数据采集器组成的内燃机测试仪器。着重就其工作原理，系统组成，特点及应用情况进行了论述。     

EXCEL在测量资料管理中的应用

测量内业是对外业工作的总结和归档，工作比较繁琐，而将EXCEL应用于测量资料管理中可以化繁为简，减少内业工作强度，提高管理工作水平，故有必要对该方法作一介绍。     

Estimation of wheel–rail friction for vehicle certification

In certification of new rail vehicles with respect to running characteristics, a wide variety of operating conditions needs to be considered. However, in associated test runs the wheel–rail friction condition is difficult to handle because the friction coefficient needs to be fairly high and the friction is also generally hard to assess. This is an issue that has been studied in the European project DynoTRAIN and part of the results is presented in this paper. More specifically, an algorithm for estimating the wheel–rail friction coefficient at vehicle certification tests is proposed. Owing to lack of some measurement results, the algorithm here is evaluated in a simulation environment which is also an important step towards practical implementation. A quality measure of the friction estimate is suggested in terms of estimated wheel–rail spin and total creep. It is concluded that, tentatively, the total creep should exceed 0.006 and the spin should be less than 1.0 m^?1 for the algorithm to give a good friction estimate. Sensitivity analysis is carried out to imitate measurement errors, but should be expanded in further work.     

Measuring transport related CO2 emissions induced by online and brick-and-mortar retailing

We develop a method for empirically measuring the difference in transport related carbon footprint between traditional and online retailing (“e-tailing”) from entry point to a geographical area to consumer residence. The method only requires data on the locations of brick-and-mortar stores, online delivery points, and residences of the region’s population, and on the goods transportation networks in the studied region. Such data are readily available in most countries. The method has been evaluated using data from the Dalecarlia region in Sweden, and is shown to be robust to all assumptions made. In our empirical example, the results indicate that the average distance from consumer residence to a brick-and-mortar retailer is 48.54 km in the studied region, while the average distance to an online delivery point is 6.7 km. The results also indicate that e-tailing increases the average distance traveled from the regional entry point to the delivery point from 47.15 km for a brick-and-mortar store to 122.75 km for the online delivery points. However, as professional carriers transport the products in bulk to stores or online delivery points, which is more efficient than consumers’ transporting the products to their residences, the results indicate that consumers switching from traditional to e-tailing on average reduce their transport CO₂ footprints by 84% when buying standard consumer electronics products.     

延崇高速公路金家庄特长螺旋隧道温度场分布规律及保温层研究

为揭示寒区螺旋隧道温度场时空分布规律，依托金家庄特长螺旋隧道，采用现场监测方法研究寒区螺旋隧道温度场变化规律。基于此，通过数值模拟建立三维模型探究进口风速风温对温度场的影响，并拟合结果数据获得保温层敷设长度计算公式。研究表明： 1）随着进洞深度的增加，进、出口洞壁处空气年平均温度上升，而年温度振幅减小； 出口年温度振幅变化幅度略小于进口。2）隧道贯通后，洞内温度受两侧洞外相对低温的共同作用，同一断面处年平均温度下降，年温度振幅增大。3）隧道在直线段温度场分布规律与同条件的直线隧道一致，从曲线段开始内外径温度曲线发生分叉，外径侧温度较直线隧道温度大；而内径侧温度反之。4）进口风速越大、风温越低，对隧道温度场越不利，通过拟合公式，金家庄特长螺旋隧道进口的保温层长度至少需要1 239 m。