超声冲击处理对高强钢焊接接头残余应力影响的数值模拟

超声冲击处理(UIT)是一种有效的焊后改善焊接接头疲劳性能的工艺措施,其借助机械撞击和超声振动的共同作用,使焊趾表面产生塑性变形从而引入有益的压缩残余应力。为评价UIT技术对焊接接头残余应力的影响,该文提出了一套新的数值分析方法,包括焊接数值模拟及随后的超声冲击处理过程的动态弹塑性有限元分析。在有限元模型中考虑了实际的工艺参数和超声促成的材料软化效应。以船用高强钢AH36非承载十字焊接接头为研究对象,将预测的超声冲击处理前后的残余应力分布与实验结果进行对比,两者有较好的吻合。在此基础上,探讨了静态预载荷对超声冲击处理态残余应力再分布的影响。     

基于船模水池试验的船舶顺浪纯稳性损失计算扩展模式

船舶顺浪航行的纯稳性损失研究,已成为国际航海界和国际海事组织(IMO)关注的课题之一.在Ю.И.涅查耶夫根据28艘渔船和运输船船模水池试验的船舶顺浪纯稳性损失计算方法的基础上,提出了扩展模式,扩大了其适用范围,并给出了大长宽比(船长/船宽)舰艇纯稳性损失的算例,同时实现了该扩展模式的程序化,生成了实用化的软件.最后通过与CFD试验方法和一般理论计算法所得结果的对比,验证了该扩展模式计算结果的可信度.     

基于任务需要的海警大型舰艇基本需求建模与分析

以线性和非线性需求结合方式建立了以满足任务需要为条件的海警大型舰艇基本需求组合模型,预测计算了多个样本国海警大型舰艇基本需求数,结果表明该模型有一定的实用性.据此对中国海警大型舰艇基本需求进行预测,预测结果可对中国海警大型舰艇发展规划提供参考.     

深海海山周围航船噪声建模与特性研究

本文以抛物方程模型为基础,结合声场的互易性,提出一种深海低频航船噪声建模方法,该方法将声源与接收点位置互换,大大降低了声场计算的运行次数和运行时间,基于该方法对深海海山周围的航船噪声进行计算和分析.研究结果表明:海山对声传播损失的影响取决于接收阵元与海山的位置关系以及海山的几何参数.由于海山的遮挡作用,海山附近航船噪声的水平指向性具有不均匀性,在有海山遮挡的方向噪声级明显低于无海山遮挡的方向,海山附近航船噪声的垂直指向性会出现多个峰值.此外,单个尖峰海山的遮挡对接收阵元处的航船噪声总级影响较小.     

Simulating ad-hoc demand-responsive transportation: a comparison of three approaches

Transport models are used to evaluate new infrastructure and public transport services, varied levels of demand, and new ideas for demand management. Exploring these proposals virtually is easier than implementation and testing in situ. However, existing models are based around traditional forms of transportation. As part of a feature analysis using a case study approach, three different simulation packages (a simple custom-developed package, traffic microsimulation, and agent-based simulation) are used to develop and demonstrate simulations of demand-responsive transportation (DRT) and analyze the advantages and disadvantages of each simulation approach for evaluating DRT. While the simulations display some relational replication (meaning they produce similar relational patterns with respect to certain variables), they do not show distributional replication (that is, the value of the results is not statistically similar), meaning that under- or over-estimation of predicted travel could occur. Recommendations for the application of each modeling approach are made.     

The Bid-rent Land Use Model of the simple,efficient, elegant,and effective model of land use and transportation

Integrated land use/transportation forecasting models add significant policy and infrastructure alternatives analysis capabilities to the urban planning process. The financial, time, and staff requirements to develop these models has put them beyond the reach of most small to medium sized urban areas. This paper presents the land use allocation submodel of the Simple, Efficient, Elegant, and Effective model of land use and transportation (SE³M), an integrated land use and transportation forecasting model founded upon Economic Base Theory and Bid-rent Theory. The Bid-rent Land Use Model (BLUM) is an agent based, spatial competition model utilizing unique utility curves for willingness to pay and incomes for budget constrained abilities to pay for each agent. The model structure, estimation, calibration, implementation, and validation are presented. With a single year of land use data available, the validation approach used the Kappa Index of Agreement to spatially check model outputs against base year control data while controlling for agreement by chance. The U.S. territory of Guam is used as the case study/proof of concept implementation for this model framework. Once calibrated, BLUM could solve the spatial competition problem on Guam in less than two minutes of processing time with over 90% accuracy.     

Impact of regional population density on walking behavior

Land use can influence walking (measured by the number of steps) and so the health of people. This paper presents the result of empirical research on the impact of regional population densities (inhabitants per inhabitable area) on the number of steps (all steps, both outdoors and indoors). With data collected from almost 11,000 respondents in 148 Japanese regions, we estimate polynomial regression models, the total number of steps being the dependent variable and densities being the main independent variable. Regional population density significantly affects the number of steps after controlling for individual and household attributes. The estimated population density that maximizes the number of steps is around 11,000?persons/km². Increasing densities, up to levels of around 11,000?inhabitants/km², could increase walking and consequently the health of inhabitants. The population density elasticity of the number of steps is 0.046–0.049 in a simple log linear regression model without a peak.     

北京地铁深基坑支护结构设计优化与施工

北京地铁9号线军事博物馆站北换乘厅南侧紧邻复兴路和既有1号线,附近管线众多,周边环境复杂,对地层扰动影响较高,地层中下部以黏土岩、砾岩为主,整体稳定性较好,原设计方案采取咬合桩止水及基坑底部换撑等加强措施。在保证施工安全的前提下,为了合理缩短工期、减少造价,结合实际工程经验对原设计方案进行了优化。和原设计方案相比,优化设计方案取消了咬合桩及换撑,对第4道支撑位置进行了调整,并更换了防水材料。同时,采用北京理正深基坑分析软件对优化设计前后的基坑开挖情况进行了对比分析。最后,在按优化设计方案施工的过程中进行严密的监控量测,并对监测数据进行了分析。最终给出以下建议:1)深基坑支护尽量不采取换撑的方式;2)设计方案要结合实际情况进行动态设计,要以软件计算作为参考依据;3)在基坑开挖过程中要进行严密的监控量测,并重视数据反馈。     

考虑湖盆摩阻效应的川藏铁路冰碛堰塞湖地震涌浪及溃决风险分析

川藏铁路沿线存在着众多冰碛堰塞湖,且大部分位于高烈度地震区,堰塞湖溃决洪水成为对线路方案起控制作用的灾害类型,而地震涌浪是导致冰湖溃决的主要诱因之一。目前湖泊地震涌浪计算公式一般忽略湖盆的摩阻效应,对水深较浅且糙率大的冰碛堰塞湖而言,计算值偏小。鉴此,通过开展不同水深、不同地震峰值加速度、不同糙率的振动台造波模型实验,研究湖盆摩阻效应对地震涌浪的影响。根据实验结果,建立考虑摩阻效应的地震涌浪计算公式,并利用漫溢型溃决临界水文条件提出了冰湖溃决判据;最后以川藏铁路帕隆藏布流域为例进行应用说明,从而建立一种与选线原则方案确定阶段精度要求相匹配的冰碛堰塞湖地震涌浪溃决风险评估方法。本文公式考虑湖盆摩阻效应,适用于水深较浅的冰碛堰塞湖,尤其是在大震强震情况下,其计算结果偏安全。     

Fueling for contingencies: The hidden cost of unpredictability in the air transportation system

The aviation community is increasing its attention on the concept of predictability when conducting aviation service quality assessments. Reduced fuel consumption and the related cost is one of the various benefits that could be achieved through improved flight predictability. A lack of predictability may cause airline dispatchers to load more fuel onto aircraft before they depart; the flights would then in turn consume extra fuel just to carry excess fuel loaded. In this study, we employ a large dataset with flight-level fuel loading and consumption information from a major US airline. With these data, we estimate the relationship between the amount of loaded fuel and flight predictability performance using a statistical model. The impact of loaded fuel is translated into fuel consumption and, ultimately, fuel cost and environmental impact for US domestic operations. We find that a one-minute increase in the standard deviation of airborne time leads to a 0.88 min increase in loaded contingency fuel and 1.66 min in loaded contingency and alternate fuel. If there were no unpredictability in the aviation system, captured in our model by eliminating standard deviation in flight time, the reduction in the loaded fuel would between 6.12 and 11.28 min per flight. Given a range of fuel prices, this ultimately would translate into cost savings for US domestic airlines on the order of $120–$452 million per year.