大跨桥梁实测湍流风场的大涡模拟

为实现在大涡模拟(LES)中准确评估强风湍流对大跨桥梁的作用,关键难点在于生成符合桥梁真实强风特性的入口湍流。为此应用了一种新的规则化波矢量随机流生成方法PRFG³(Prescribed-wavevector Random Flow Generator),该方法遵守连续性方程和泰勒假设,可准确模拟目标湍流的脉动风谱、湍流度和湍流积分尺度等风特性参数。首先利用西堠门大桥结构健康监测系统(SHMS)2016年内采集的风速数据,选取了该桥址区10 min时距平均风速较大但风特性不同的2个强风样本,分析得到相应的强风特性参数;然后采用PRFG³方法合成了符合上述2个实测强风特性的均质各向异性湍流,同时为验证该方法用于主梁节段模型LES入口湍流的适用性,还模拟了缩尺比为1∶50的强风湍流场,并基于OPENFOAM平台,将3类风场赋予LES入口进行了数值计算;最后将LES流场中多个监测点的湍流特性与实测结果进行了对比。研究结果表明：2个实测风场在顺风向、横风向、竖风向的脉动风谱均与Von Kármán谱接近,顺风向湍流积分尺度最大约为192 m,各脉动风...     

含缺陷压力管道安全评定方法研究的现状与发展

含缺陷压力管道安全评定的方法较多,主要有极限载荷控制的塑性失效准则、断裂力学J积分的评定方法、英国R6双判据准则评定方法、美国ASME规范评定方法、参数不确定性缺陷的安全评定方法等.文章对这些方法加以简要的概括和评述,并分析了有些方法之间的区别与联系,同时指出工程化、可靠性和智能化是当前含缺陷压力管道安全评定方法的发展趋向.     

形成性评价在大学英语实践中反映的问题

形成性评价是学习测量和评价的重要组成部分.通过对其在本校大学英语教学与测试中的效果进行抽样调查研究,分析其在实践当中出现的问题,提出改进办法,以便更好的发挥其在大学英语教学与测试中的反馈和指导作用.     

A trial application of FSA methodology to the hatchway watertight integrity of bulk carriers

Formal safety assessment (FSA) is a formal, structured and systematic methodology, aimed at enhancing maritime safety, including protection of life, property and marine environment, by using risk and cost–benefit assessments. For the application of this methodology to the rule-making process, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) presented the Interim Guidelines, which describe procedures of FSA and inputs/outputs of each procedure in detail. This paper basically deals with an application of FSA methodology according to the IMO's Interim Guidelines to the hatchway watertight integrity of bulk carriers, which was carried out as a cooperative research between Korean Register of Shipping and Seoul National University. As results of this application study, 18 hazards are identified and 32 risk control measures are devised to reduce the associated risks. Potential risks, costs and benefits when some Risk Control Options are introduced are evaluated in monetary unit of US $. Finally, some discussions and recommendations based on experiences are also given for both future work and better application of this FSA methodology to the rule-making process.     

船舶推进轴系设计的模糊综合评估

采用模糊综合评估方法对推进轴系设计进行综合评估。重点介绍推进轴系综合评估的结构模型的建立,应用层次分析法（AHP）计算各评估指标的权重,并简单介绍主要指标因素隶属度函数的研究。对某船两套推进轴系设计方案进行了具体的计算评估。结果表明,本方法可较好地评估船舶推进轴系设计。     

Cost-effectiveness of reductions in greenhouse gas emissions from High-Speed Rail and urban transportation projects in California

A rising trend in state and federal transportation finance is to invest capital dollars into projects which reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, a key metric for comparing projects, the cost-effectiveness of GHG emissions reductions, is highly dependent on the cost-benefit methodology employed in the analysis. Our analysis comparing California High-Speed Rail and three urban transportation projects shows how four different accounting framings bring wide variations in cost per metric tonne of GHG emissions reduced. In our analysis, life-cycle GHG emissions are joined with full cost accounting to better understand the benefits of cap-and-trade investments. Considering only public subsidy for capital, none of the projects appear to be a cost-effective means to reduce GHG emissions (i.e., relative to the current price of GHG emissions in California’s cap-and-trade program at $12.21 per tonne). However, after adjusting for the change in private costs users incur when switching from the counterfactual mode (automobile or aircraft) to the mode enabled by the project, all investments appear to reduce GHG emissions at a net savings to the public. Policy and decision-makers who consider only the capital cost of new transportation projects can be expected to incorrectly assess alternatives and indirect benefits (i.e., how travelers adapt to the new mass transit alternative) should be included in decision-making processes.     

城市轨道交通换乘站布局综合评价方法研究

对城市轨道交通线网交会点是否需要设置为换乘站、换乘站设置对整体线网的优化有何影响、用什么标准衡量和评价换乘站的布局进行深入的研究。根据充分发挥线网整体效率、均衡客流强度、减少乘客无效乘距的指导思想,提出从网络发展水平、居民出行条件改善、运营效果三方面9项指标组成的轨道交通换乘站布局方案综合评价体系,研究指标量化的方法,对城市轨道交通换乘站布局进行多目标模糊综合分析评价。以某市轨道交通线网规划为例,应用评价体系推荐出最优布局方案。     

基于层次分析法和D-S证据理论的码头风险评估

在码头风险评估过程中,目前常用的方法对风险事件发生的概率和影响上有一些主观的定性分析,带有结论上的模糊性.运用一种层次分析法和证据理论结合的方法可以提高评估的准确性和可靠度,该方法通过层次分析法确定各评估因素的权重,在此过程中用D-S证据理论对专家评分数据进行融合修正,运用D-S证据理论的合成法则确定码头的风险值.将该...     

大直径盾构隧道斜螺栓环缝抗剪特性研究

以大直径盾构隧道施工过程中管片上浮错台问题为背景,研究大直径盾构隧道环缝结构的抗剪特性,从结构承载力角度提出有效且可控的抗浮措施,并深入探究环间错台对隧道结构的影响,以确定大直径盾构隧道环间变形控制标准,减小隧道环间错台引起的管片损伤。以深圳妈湾跨海通道为依托,基于材料塑性损伤本构,考虑管片接缝细部构造,根据相关管片环缝剪切原型试验对接缝抗剪数值模拟方法的有效性进行验证。随后,利用数值模拟研究了环向接缝顺剪、逆剪和切向剪切时的错台现象和破坏特征,分析了斜螺栓、凹凸榫对环缝抗剪特性的影响,为大直径盾构隧道环缝结构的抗浮设计和安全评价提供依据。研究表明:环缝剪切错台数值计算结果与试验结果吻合良好,能够有效揭示接缝剪切过程中结构的变形特点和损伤特性;环缝接缝的剪切错台过程较为复杂,呈阶段性特征,螺栓和凹凸榫的受力状态是决定接缝抗剪特性的关键因素;凹凸榫能显著提高接缝抗剪刚度和承载力,但也带来接缝应力集中和张开过大等问题,设计和施工过程中需充分考虑接缝刚度和变形的适应性;基于环缝错台损伤分析,提出了环缝变形的三级安全评价指标,大直径盾构隧道接缝变形必须控制在Ⅱ级以内,以保证隧道的结构安全和正常使用性能。     

Using GPS-data to determine optimum electric vehicle ranges: A Michigan case study

Fuel-switching personal transportation from gasoline to electricity offers many advantages, including lower noise, zero local air pollution, and petroleum-independence. But alleviations of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are more nuanced, due to many factors, including the car’s battery range. We use GPS-based trip data to determine use type-specific, GHG-optimized ranges. The dataset comprises 412 cars and 384,869 individual trips in Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. We use previously developed algorithms to determine driver types, such as using the car to commute or not. Calibrating an existing life cycle GHG model to a forecast, low-carbon grid for Ann Arbor, we find that the optimum range varies not only with the drive train architecture (plugin-hybrid versus battery-only) and charging technology (fast versus slow) but also with the driver type. Across the 108 scenarios we investigated, the range that yields lowest GHG varies from 65 km (55+ year old drivers, ultrafast charging, plugin-hybrid) to 158 km (16–34 year old drivers, overnight charging, battery-only). The optimum GHG reduction that electric cars offer – here conservatively measured versus gasoline-only hybrid cars – is fairly stable, between 29% (16–34 year old drivers, overnight charging, battery-only) and 46% (commuters, ultrafast charging, plugin-hybrid). The electrification of total distances is between 66% and 86%. However, if cars do not have the optimum range, these metrics drop substantially. We conclude that matching the range to drivers’ typical trip distances, charging technology, and drivetrain is a crucial pre-requisite for electric vehicles to achieve their highest potential to reduce GHG emissions in personal transportation.