Air–sea CO2 fluxes in the Caribbean Sea from 2002–2004

Air–sea fluxes in the Caribbean Sea are presented based on measurements of partial pressure of CO₂ in surface seawater, pCO_2sw, from an automated system onboard the cruise ship Explorer of the Seas for 2002 through 2004. The pCO_2sw values are used to develop algorithms of pCO_2sw based on sea surface temperature (SST) and position. The algorithms are applied to assimilated SST data and remotely sensed winds on a 1° by 1° grid to estimate the fluxes on weekly timescales in the region. The positive relationship between pCO_2sw and SST is lower than the isochemical trend suggesting counteracting effects from biological processes. The relationship varies systematically with location with a stronger dependence further south. Furthermore, the southern area shows significantly lower pCO_2sw in the fall compared to the spring at the same SST, which is attributed to differences in salinity. The annual algorithms for the entire region show a slight trend between 2002 and 2004 suggesting an increase of pCO_2sw over time. This is in accord with the increasing pCO_2sw due the invasion of anthropogenic CO₂. The annual fluxes of CO₂ yield a net invasion of CO₂ to the ocean that ranges from − 0.04 to − 1.2 mol m^− 2 year^− 1 over the 3 years. There is a seasonal reversal in the direction of the flux with CO₂ entering into the ocean during the winter and an evasion during the summer. Year-to-year differences in flux are primarily caused by temperature anomalies in the late winter and spring period resulting in changes in invasion during these seasons. An analysis of pCO_2sw before and after hurricane Frances (September 4–6, 2004), and wind records during the storm suggest a large local enhancement of the flux but minimal influence on annual fluxes in the region.     

机敏砼热电效应的理论与实验研究

机敏砼自身的电信号输出能够反映温度、加载和损伤等各种状态变化.本文从理论和实验两方面研究了机敏砼温度与电压变化的关系.     

高温差地区大体积混凝土温度监测与裂缝控制技术

结合内蒙古自治区集丰高速公路黑沟特大桥承台大体积混凝土施工，从原材料选配、配合比设计、混凝土施工工艺以及混凝土养护等方面介绍高温差地区大体积混凝土裂缝的控制方法及温控措施。     

气候条件对沥青路面路用性能的影响

结合我国沥青技术标准,参照美国SHRP研究成果,在调查陕西省和甘肃省部分地区气候特征的基础上,研究了气候条件对沥青路面路用性能的影响.     

空气焓差法湿度测量方法的研究

在用空气焓差法测量空气冷却设备冷量的标准中，空气湿度常用湿球温度取样的方法测得．本文依据空调基本理论，将该方法与直接测量相对湿度的方法进行了对比研究，提出了在现有技术水平下，直接用相对湿度来测量空气湿度的方法应纳入相关测试标准的观点     

上面层沥青混合料路用性能比较

结合几种常用上面层沥青混合料的路用性能试验数据,讨论了各类沥青混合料的路用性能的优劣,并提出适用于湖北地区高等级公路沥青路面上面层的沥青混合料类型。     

无缝线路钢轨温度力测试的位移法

研究无缝线路上钢轨在温度发生变化时轴向温度力的一种有效检测手段,提出了新的测试方法,即位移法。通过建立无缝线路轨道力学模型分析温度力变化时侧向力及其作用位移的变化规律,并结合标定试验对上述规律进行了参数修正,最终实现对钢轨轴向温度力的精确测试。该技术在实践应用中取得良好效果。     

Seasonal variability in sea surface oceanographic conditions in the Aegean Sea (Eastern Mediterranean): an overview

Seasonal variability and the spatial distribution of sea surface temperatures (SST) and salinities (SSS) are reviewed, in relation to the prevailing climatological conditions, heat fluxes, water budget and general water circulation patterns. Within this context, consideration is given to: sea surface temperatures; air temperatures; precipitation; evaporation; wind speeds and directions; freshwater (mainly riverine) discharges throughout the Aegean; and the exchange of water masses with the Black Sea and eastern Mediterranean Sea. The investigation of satellite images, covering a 6-yr period (1988–1994), has enabled a synthesis of the monthly sea surface thermal distribution to be established.The climate of the Aegean Sea is characterised by annual air temperatures of 16–19.5°C, precipitation of about 500 mm yr⁻¹ and evaporation of some 4 mm d⁻¹. The Aegean has a negative heat budget (approximately −25 W m⁻²) and positive water balance (+ 1.0 m yr⁻¹), when inflow from the Black Sea is considered. During the summer, the (northerly) Etesians are the dominant winds over the Sea.Mean monthly sea surface temperatures (SST) vary from 8°C in the north during winter, up to 26°C in the south during summer. SST depends mainly upon air temperature; there is a month's delay between the former and latter maxima. The sea surface salinity (SSS) varies also spatially and seasonally, ranging from less than 31 psu, in the north, to more than 39 psu, in the southeast; lower values (< 25 psu) occur adjacent to the river mouths. SSSs present their maximum differences during summer, whilst during winter and autumn the distribution of SSS is more uniform. The overall spatial SST and SSS distribution pattern is controlled by: distribution of the (colder) Black Sea Waters; advection of the (warmer) Levantine Waters, from the southeastern part of the Aegean; upwelling and downwelling; and, to a lesser extent, but locally important, freshwater riverine inflows.     

The winter St. Helena climate index and extreme Benguela upwelling

Climate changes in the subtropical South-east Atlantic turn out to be well described by the St. Helena Island Climate Index (HIX) and observed fluctuations are in good agreement with inter-decadal variability of the entire South Atlantic Ocean. Year-to-year variations of the averaged austral winter HIX (July–September), representative of the main upwelling season, were compared with (i) corresponding averages of the geostrophic alongshore component of the south-east trade wind (SET) between St. Helena Island in the south-west and Luanda/Angola in the north-east, (ii) the meridional distribution of surface waters colder than 13 °C to characterise intense Benguela upwelling (IBU), and (iii) the meridional position of the Angola-Benguela Frontal Zone (ABFZ) determined by means of sea surface temperature images for offshore distances between 50 and 400 km. Temporal changes of these parameters were investigated and showed that the frequency of consecutive years of strong and relaxed Benguela upwelling is characterised by a quasi-cycle of about 11–14 years. It is proposed that the index of the winter HIX may be used as a ‘surveyor’s rod' to describe interannual changes in the Benguela upwelling regime as well as those of the embedded marine ecosystem.     

蓄电池电压驱动的缸内直喷汽油发动机喷嘴的研究

把喷嘴的线圈分成开启与保持两部分，开启线圈用于快速开启电磁阀，而保持线圈在电磁阀开启之后仅起保持作用，驱动电路使用蓄电池直接驱动，简化了驱动电路，而且避免了电磁噪声的产生，使其可以直接安装在发动机驱动电路中，ECU通过控制开启线圈上电时间来控制喷油量．