The desulphurisation of shipping: Past,present and the future under a global cap

As from January 2020, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) is implementing a global 0.5% limit on the sulphur content of fuel, commonly known as the global sulphur cap. This limit is the latest policy in the efforts to reduce sulphur emissions from shipping, following the designation of emission control areas (ECAs) and other regional regulations. In this paper, a literature review is conducted of academic studies that have dealt with issues relating to the reduction of maritime sulphur emissions. Various recurring research themes are identified, spanning the areas of operations research, maritime economics and transport policy. The effects and implications of available compliance options are then analyzed from the perspectives of ship operators, shippers and consumers. Using lessons learned from the enforcement of ECA regulations, this is followed by an appraisal of various potential issues related to the enforcement of these new global regulations. It is found that a homogeneous enforcement regime is required to ensure a level playing field amongst ship operators and that the global sulphur cap may lead to serious market distortion, due to the potential short term rise of fuel prices. The paper concludes with a set of recommendations for future research on sulphur emissions from shipping in the aftermath of the global cap and, looking forward, to its relationship to the IMO strategy on the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) shipping emissions.     

移动闭塞系统区间通过能力分析及参数计算

移动闭塞条件下“闭塞分区”呈现出“移动”和“长度变化”的特征,其区间通过能力的计算较固定闭塞系统更加复杂。本文建立了移动闭塞系统区间通过能力的数学模型,对区间通过能力与列车追踪运行速度、跟驰车距和列车性能等参数之间的相互关系进行了定性、定量分析,并就关鍵参数的计算方法进行了深入的讨论,对移动闭塞条件下的列车运行控制与行车组织有一定的参考价值。     

A data model applied to the knowledge-based ICAS

Image-guided computer aided surgery system (ICAS) contributes to safeness and success of surgery operations by means of displaying anatomical structures and showing correlative information to surgeons in the process of operation. Based on analysis of requirements for ICAS, a new concept of clinical knowledge-based ICAS was proposed. Designing a reasonable data structure model is essential for realizing this new concept. The traditional data structure is limited in expressing and reusing the clinical knowledge such as locating an anatomical object, topological relations of anatomical objects and correlative clinical attributes. A data structure model called mixed adjacency lists by octree-path-chain (MALOC) was outlined, which can combine patient's images with clinical knowledge, as well as efficiently locate the instrument and search the objects' information. The efficiency of data structures was analyzed and experimental results were given in comparison to other traditional data structures. The result of the nasal surgery experiment proves that MALOC is a proper model for clinical knowledge-based ICAS that has advantages in not only locating the operative instrument precisely but also proving surgeons with real-time operation-correlative information. It is shown that the clinical knowledge-based ICAS with MALOC model has advantages in terms of safety and success of surgical operations, and help in accurately locating the operative instrument and providing operation-correlative knowledge and information to surgeons in the process of operations.     

浅谈抱箍法盖梁施工

抱箍法作为无支架施工的一种新方法,在施工过程中体现出了其他方案不具备的优势。文章从实例出发,对抱箍的结构形式、受力计算、抱箍施工盖梁工艺等做了详细分析。     

互通立交平面线形设计的经验探讨

通过设计工作的实践,探讨互通立交平面线形设计的具体步骤、操作方法和注意事项,并对匝道线元参数的取值、线元参数与运行速度的关系、线形设计的连续性与协调性等方面提出了一些见解。     

广珠西线珠江特大桥主桥承台钢板桩的围堰施工

承台钢板桩围堰施工是桥梁施工当中比较少采用的方法,文中通过介绍广珠西线珠江特大桥承台钢板桩施工成功的经验,经过对钢板桩围堰的精心设计与组织施工,达到了项目的预期效果,不仅保证了质量,缩短工期,且大大的节约成本。     

路面结构水损坏的研究

无论水泥混凝土路面还是沥青路面,水损坏是目前国内外普遍存在的路面破坏形式,成为困扰公路工程质量的世界性难题。分析了路面水损坏的主要现象及其发生机理,阐述了产生水损坏的相关因素,提出了预防路面水损坏的相关对策。     

苏通大桥南塔墩承台超大体积混凝土施工温控关键技术

苏通大桥南主塔墩承台为超大体积混凝土,为防止出现温度裂缝,施工中采取了合理分层、双掺技术、内散外蓄、温度应力监测等温度控制措施,有效地控制了混凝土的最高温升和内外温差,施工后的承台质量,达到内实外美,未产生温度裂缝,并根据实际监测数据与温控理论计算进行了对比分析。     

基于线性路径跟踪控制的换道避撞控制策略研究

为实现车辆自主避撞,改善道路交通安全状况,提出一种基于线性路径跟踪控制的换道避撞控制策略。为实时确定制动和换道时机,获取跟车状态下自车和前车车速、加速度、相对距离以及驾驶人制动反应时间计算制动安全距离和换道安全距离,并在此基础上分别引入制动危险系数B和换道危险系数S评估制动与换道风险,使得车辆发生追尾碰撞的危险程度和主动干预阈值更直观。根据车辆期望横向加速度和期望横向位移的变化特性,采用5次多项式法规划符合驾驶人换道避撞特性的避撞路径。为保证换道避撞过程中驾驶人的安全舒适,采用最大横向加速度约束换道避撞轨迹。为实现对换道避撞路径的线性跟踪控制,保证车辆的操纵稳定性和横摆稳定性,基于车辆稳态动力学模型建立前馈控制,结合线性反馈控制消除换道路径的位置和横摆角偏差,修正参考路径实现直车道场景追尾避撞控制。仿真和实车交叉验证试验表明：根据车辆期望横向加速度和期望横向位移建立的符合驾驶人换道避撞特性的五次多项式换道路径与驾驶人实际换道避撞路径基本吻合,结合碰撞时间和车间时距的制动避撞控制策略能够在保证车辆行驶安全舒适性的同时有效避免车辆追尾碰撞,减少交通事故的发生。     

利用CIVIL 3D进行海港工程疏浚设计方法研究

本文在南方某海港工程港池航道工程设计中引入BIM正向设计,利用CIVIL 3D建立了地形曲面和地质曲面模型,建立采样线,对地形曲面、设计曲面、地质曲面进行采样;用断面法进行疏浚工程量计算,用程序自带网格施工图及其他软件等多种方法进行校核以验证计算准确性;通过材质定义,计算不同土类疏浚量并在断面图中表示;在设计完成后,按...