A railway capacity determination model and rail access charging methodologies

This article discusses approaches to the determination of railway capacity and the significance of the following factors on capacity: mix of trains, length and weight of trains, direction of train travel, acceleration and deceleration, stopping protocols of trains, location and length of crossing loops, location of signals, length of sections, dwell times and sectional running times. A more accurate method to calculate railway capacity is developed using previously unaddressed aspects for capacity determination. Capacity and pricing are two key issues for organizations involved with open track access regimes. A train access charging methodology is therefore developed and incorporated into a railway capacity determination model.     

Edinburgh's Congestion Charging Plans: An Analysis of Reasons for Non-Implementation

Abstract

The City of Edinburgh in Scotland in the UK had advanced plans for a congestion charging scheme until 25 February 2005. However, these plans were abandoned at that time after a referendum that resulted in a ‘no vote’. This paper explains the origins of the scheme, outlines its nature, extent, charging technology and predicted effect; it also analyses the difficulties that exist when attempting to plan and implement such a scheme in a particular governance context, and when there is little unanimity of public opinion about the need for a scheme.

As well as the primary documentation from the proposals (e.g. public inquiry submissions, papers to government), the paper also draws upon a series of face-to-face interviews that were undertaken with key stakeholders. It also provides an analysis of press coverage in the local (Edinburgh) and national (Scottish) newspapers in the run-up to the referendum. These sources explain both the systemic and more local barriers to the scheme's implementation.

The paper draws key lessons which are important for authorities considering the implementation of a road user charging scheme, by suggesting how legislative and governance barriers to implementation can be reduced. The lessons are of relevance world wide.     

电动汽车锂电池组充电均衡控制方法研究

锂电池组是电动汽车的主要驱动能源,然而尚不成熟的电池均衡充电技术成为制约电动汽车普及化的最大瓶颈。本文针对锂电池组中因单体电池性能差异造成能量不一致性的不良影响,以各单体电池电压为控制变量,提出一种基于模糊控制的锂电池组充电均衡控制方法。并通过MATLAB仿真分析得出:在充电均衡过程中,利用模糊控制方法调节PWM的占空比,电池组能够较好地完成各单体电池间的能量均衡,证明了该方案的可行性。     

汽车蓄电池亏电问题分析与处理

通过对汽车铅酸蓄电池亏电问题的分析,结合铅酸蓄电池充电工艺、充电设备、充电结果进行总结,以蓄电池、起动机、发电机为中心,以整车电器系统为分支,逐步查找出导致蓄电池亏电的根本原因。可用于指导用户正确使用车辆,防止或减少因蓄电池亏电导致车辆抛锚故障。     

两种充汽模式下船用蒸汽蓄热器动态性能数值模拟

为给船舶蒸汽动力系统设计提供技术支撑,采用考虑蒸发和冷凝的热相变模型描述蒸汽蓄热器汽、液两相的热质传递规律,并结合缓慢充汽和快速充汽计算边界条件,基于CFX实现不同充汽模式下船用蒸汽蓄热器动态性能数值模拟。计算结果表明：在缓慢充汽起始阶段,船用蒸汽蓄热器水位波动大,最终水位保持平稳且略有升高;缓慢充汽过程中,船用蒸汽蓄热器的压力和温度均呈先快速上升再下降的变化规律;在快速充汽过程中,蒸汽蓄热器的压力和温度均呈先快速上升再下降的变化规律,计算结果与试验数据基本吻合。     

电动汽车充电站的选址优化研究

电动汽车的充电系统是发展电动汽车的重要基础支撑系统,进行电动汽车充电站的选址优化研究对于电动汽车的推广具有重要意义。首先对影响电动汽车充电站的选址因素进行分析;在充分考虑电动汽车充电站建设原则的基础上,构建基于充电站运营费用和用户充电费用最小化的电动汽车充电站的选址模型;然后采用遗传算法对模型进行求解;最后通过算例对模型和算法进行验证。     

电动汽车无线充电原理分析

就一款主、副边互感线圈均为串联谐振感应耦合的电动汽车无线充电原理电路进行了深入分析,经对电动汽车的蓄电池电压与输入交流电源电压之比的优化,得出了它在稳态工作时电路的输出功率、传输效率与电路参数的关系,并得到了与互感线圈对应的补偿电容上的电压与输入交流电源电压、蓄电池电压及互感线圈互感量间的关系。通过仿真,对以上结果进行了验证,此结果可以为电动汽车在行进中充电打下基础。     

绿伯爵茶多酚胶囊人体试食试验的临床观察

目的观察绿伯爵茶多酚胶囊的辅助降血脂保健功能及不良影响。方法将108例符合卫生部2003年版《保健食品检验与评价技术规范》标准的单纯血脂异常志愿受试者,随机分为试食组和安慰剂组,n=54例,分别服用绿伯爵茶多酚胶囊及安慰剂共45d,每次2粒,每日2次。观察血、尿、便生化指标变化,进行胸透、心电图和B超等检查。观察期间保持原来生活和饮食习惯。结果试食组血清甘油三酯和总胆固醇明显降低,实验前后自身比较及与安慰剂组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01);试食后高密度脂蛋白、胆固醇无明显降低,与安慰剂组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。2组的血红蛋白、红细胞、白细胞、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、尿素氮、肌酐、总蛋白、白蛋白、血糖各项指标实验前后均在正常值范围内;试食前后尿、便常规检查均未见异常,胸透、心电图、腹部B超检查亦均未见异常;实验前后膳食结构无明显改变。结论绿伯爵茶多酚胶囊对受试者健康无不良影响,具有辅助降血脂的保健功能。     

基于特征子序列修正的公交刷卡滞后时间推算

针对一票制公共交通IC卡刷卡系统存在的滞后时间问题,提出基于特征子序列修正的时差匹配推算方法。依托GPS车辆到站信息序列和刷卡聚类序列,分析首末站和中途站站间运行时间分布的差异化特征,分别从两序列中提取大时间差和连续小时间差等特征子序列;利用两种子序列间一对一或一对多的对应关系分别进行初步搜索和二次修正,兼顾匹配过程的效率和精度。将推算流程应用于山西省大同市公共汽车系统,结果显示,抽样车辆的刷卡匹配率均达到99%以上,并且针对不同类型的公共汽车线路具有较强的适应性。     

电动汽车充电设施现状及发展趋势

利用可再生能源已成为了世界的重点。电动汽车由于低碳环保,是汽车产业的的未来发展趋势。与电动汽车配套的充电设施必须与之保持同步,电动汽车的发展才能不受制约。为此,本论文重点研究了电动汽车充电设施的现状和未来的发展趋势。