The use of hydrogen as a fuel for inland waterway units

Escalating apprehension about the harmful effects of widespread use of conventional fossil fuels in the marine field and in internal combustion engines in general, has led to a vast amount of efforts and the directing of large capital investment towards research and development of sustainable alternative energy sources. One of the most promising and abundant of these sources is hydrogen. Firstly, the use of current fossil fuels is. discussed focusing on the emissions and economic sides to emphasize the need for a new, cleaner and renewable fuel with particular reference to hydrogen as a suitable possible alternative. Hydrogen properties, production and storage methods are then reviewed along with its suitability from the economical point of view. Finally, a cost analysis for the use of hydrogen in internal combustion engines is carried out to illustrate the benefits of its use as a replacement for diesel. The outcome of this cost analysis shows that 98% of the capital expenditure is consumed by the equipment, and 68.3% of the total cost of the equipment is spent on the solar photovoltaic cells. The hydrogen plant is classified as a large investment project because of its high initial cost which is about 1 billion US$; but this is justified because hydrogen is produced in a totally green way. When hydrogen is used as a fuel, no harmful emissions are obtained.     

Fuel cycle emissions and life cycle costs of alternative fuel vehicle policy options for the City of Houston municipal fleet

Municipal fleet vehicle purchase decisions provide a direct opportunity for cities to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) and air pollutants. However, cities typically lack comprehensive data on total life cycle impacts of various conventional and alternative fueled vehicles (AFV) considered for fleet purchase. The City of Houston, Texas, has been a leader in incorporating hybrid electric (HEV), plug-in hybrid electric (PHEV), and battery electric (BEV) vehicles into its fleet, but has yet to adopt any natural gas-powered light-duty vehicles. The City is considering additional AFV purchases but lacks systematic analysis of emissions and costs. Using City of Houston data, we calculate total fuel cycle GHG and air pollutant emissions of additional conventional gasoline vehicles, HEVs, PHEVs, BEVs, and compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicles to the City's fleet. Analyses are conducted with the Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Transportation (GREET) model. Levelized cost per kilometer is calculated for each vehicle option, incorporating initial purchase price minus residual value, plus fuel and maintenance costs. Results show that HEVs can achieve 36% lower GHG emissions with a levelized cost nearly equal to a conventional sedan. BEVs and PHEVs provide further emissions reductions, but at levelized costs 32% and 50% higher than HEVs, respectively. CNG sedans and trucks provide 11% emissions reductions, but at 25% and 63% higher levelized costs, respectively. While the results presented here are specific to conditions and vehicle options currently faced by one city, the methods deployed here are broadly applicable to informing fleet purchase decisions.     

电控柴油/天然气双燃料发动机油气切换过程的研究

本文依靠软件算法实现了电控柴油／天然气双燃料发动机的柴油量和天然气量的协调控制，并通过调整燃气供给系统参数及优化控制策略，消除了燃料切换过程中出现的较大幅度的转速波动，最终实现了转速基本无波动的油气切换过程。     

天然气/柴油双燃料发动机电控喷气技术研究

本文研制开发了天然气／柴油双燃料发动机的压缩天然气（ＣＮＧ）电控喷气系统。试验表明，电控喷气可以明显改善双燃料发动机的燃料经济性和排放性能，提高发动机的热效率。合理选择加载喷射压力和喷射相位可有效地提高燃烧速度和燃烧稳定性。     

改善火花助然甲醇发动机小负荷经济性的研究

小负荷时经济性差，是火花助燃甲醇发动机存在的主要问题。以1130立式水冷直喷柴油单缸机为对象，研究了点火系统、压缩比、喷油嘴油线分布和喷油嘴针阀开启压力等因素对火花助燃甲醇发动机小负荷时经济性的影响，并将之与柴油发动机进行了对比分析。     

LPG/柴油混合燃料发动机的放热规律

分析了负荷、转速、掺混比、供油提前角、喷射压力等因素对双燃料发动机燃烧压力变化规律、放热规律、着火特性等的影响。结果表明：混合燃料的滞燃期明显比柴油长，掺混比越高，滞燃期越长；掺混比较小时，混合燃料发动机的最高燃烧压力和最大压力升高率与柴油发动机基本相同，而掺混比较大时，则有很大不同；随掺混比的提高，放热率峰值略有增加，所对应的曲轴转角后移；供油提前角和喷射压力对双燃料发动机的燃烧过程也有一定的影响。     

Pt／Nafion界面氧还原电极动力学

针对质子交换膜燃料电池所用的含有铂黑或碳载铂电催化剂的多孔气体扩散电极，采用循环２伏安技术和塔菲尔曲线法，以氢、氧为反应气，对不同温度和压力下的Ｐｔ／Ｎａｆｉｏｎ界面的氧还原电极动力学进行了研究。     

在柴油机中掺烧甲醇的试验研究

在2135G柴油机上采用多孔喷油器的传统燃烧方式，分别对不同配比的柴油和甲醇的机械混合燃料进行了性能试验，取得了良好的动力性，经济性和排烟特性，分析了掺烧甲醇后的燃烧规律及影响燃烧过程和发动机性能的主要因素。     

沥青路面防水抗油剂的研究与应用

采用自制的硅树脂溶液,添加渗透剂和增粘剂后合成出一种渗透型硅树脂沥青路面防水抗油剂.渗水试验、浸水马歇尔试验、冻融劈裂试验、抗油性能试验以及表面构造深度试验的结果表明防水抗油剂能够极大地提高沥青混凝土的水稳定性和抗油污性能,同时不影响路面的抗滑性能.半年后对试验路段的渗水系数等跟踪检测,结果证明了其良好的路用性能.     

燃料电池汽车车载经济性测试系统

针对燃料电池汽车道路试验经济性测试的要求，开发了车载经济性测试系统．采用压力温度法测量氢气消耗量，对蓄电池电压、电流进行连续测量和积分运算得到电能量消耗．硬件采用便携式工控机、通信接口卡和数据采集接口卡，软件基于虚拟仪器开发平台开发．系统实现了燃料电池汽车等速经济性和循环工况经济性测试，实车试验表明系统性能可靠，测量准确．