独立旋转车轮动力学性能研究

独立旋转车轮的结构型式与传统轮对相比具有很大的差别，在直线和曲线上的轮轨接触动力学性能也有明显差异。独立旋转车轮理论上不存在纵向蠕滑，具有较高的临界速度和较低的轮轨磨耗，其直线对中性能和曲线导向性能较差。利用计算机仿真，对独立旋转车轮和传统轮对的动力学性能进行了比较分析。     

Habitat characteristics as determinant of the structure and spatial distribution of epibenthic and demersal communities of Le Danois Bank (Cantabrian Sea, N. Spain)

The purpose of this paper is to detect and describe general trends in the spatial distribution of epibenthic and demersal communities of Le Danois Bank (El Cachucho) in relation to the environmental variables that characterize their habitat by means of multivariate ordination. Data were derived from two multidisciplinary surveys carried out in October 2003 and April 2004 included in the ECOMARG project. The surveys were focused on the study of the physical scenario, including both geological (seabed characterization from bathymetry and backscatter data) and hydrographic features, and the different compartments of the benthic fauna (endobenthic, epibenthic, suprabenthic and demersal communities). For the present study, epibenthos and demersal species were sampled using two different gears, a 3.5 m beam trawl and a Porcupine 39/52 type baca otter trawl respectively. The total species richness combining both samplers ascended to 221, including 71 species of fishes, 65 crustaceans, 35 molluscs, 29 echinoderms, 10 cnidarians and 5 sponges.Multivariate methods were used for the study of the characteristics of communities and habitats. Hierarchical cluster analysis was applied to calculate and visualize similarities between samples in terms of species composition. To assess the amount of variation of faunal densities related to a set of eight environmental variables, a redundancy analysis (RDA) was used. The set of environmental variables used were: depth, near-bottom temperature and salinity, sedimentary typology (dry weight percentages of coarse sands, medium and fine sands, silt and organic matter) and seafloor reflectivity. Using the spatial distribution of the ranges of depth and seafloor reflectivity that characterize the habitats of the faunal assemblages we defined the spatial distribution of the different communities.The multivariate analysis of 18 beam-trawl samples and 15 otter trawl samples showed the existence of 4 main assemblages associated with the more characteristic habitats of the area. The Callogorgia–Chimaera community live mainly in the areas at the top of the Bank (425–550 m depth), where the sediment coverage is lower and there exists a high presence of rocky outcrops. The Gryphus–Galeus community were found in the areas at the top of the Bank covered by medium and fine sand sediments with low organic matter content. The Phormosoma–Trachyrincus community live on the sedimentary terraces that characterize the Bank break (550–800 m) and the Pheronema–Deania community occupy all the deeper (800–1050 m) sedimentary grounds of the inner basin.     

巴黎市域轨道交通线路及车站布置特点分析

分析了巴黎市域轨道交通(RER)线的发展建设过程和线路特点,并重点研究了市域轨道交通线的几种主要车站布置形式。折返站布置能适应一端折返,且能满足列车越行的需要;终点站的折返能力和存车能力加强;换乘站合理设置侧线、渡线和相应的连络线;分岔站的布置应尽量避免主线和支线间的行车干扰,方便乘客换乘。这些市域轨道交通线线路、车站设置的特点对我国市域轨道交通线的规划、建设具有借鉴作用。     

南通哨口板鹞风筝综述

南通板鹞风筝历来以优美的造型,精湛的工艺和独特的音响效果而闻名于世。文章在叙述南通板鹞风筝社会功用及历史演变的基础上,对其独具特质的艺术形式和工艺手法进行了总结和归纳。最后,对南通板鹞风筝在当代的传承与发展进行概括和展望。     

Overview of public transport policy developments in South Africa

In South Africa, a restructuring of the public transport system is currently under way. In the bus industry the tender for contract system is being implemented, the commuter rail sector is being recapitalised and the minibus taxi industry recapitalization programme is in its early stages. Progress with policy implementation across the modes of transport, modal split trends and issues that hamper the full development of the public transport industry are discussed in this paper. Medium to long term policy and strategy initiatives that will further inform the development of the industry are also highlighted in this chapter.     

A study of the relationship between Magic Formula coefficients and tyre design attributes through finite element analysis

Pacejka's Magic Formula Tyre Model is widely used to represent force and moment characteristics in vehicle simulation studies meant to improve handling behaviour during steady-state cornering. The experimental technique required to determine this tyre model parameters is fairly involved and highly sophisticated. Also, total test facilities are not available in most countries. As force and moment characteristics are affected by tyre design attributes and tread patterns, manufacturing of separate tyres for each design alternative affects tyre development cycle time and economics significantly. The objective of this work is to identify the interactions among various tyre design attributes-cum-operating conditions and the Magic Formula coefficients. This objective is achieved by eliminating actual prototyping of tyres for various design alternatives as well as total experimentation on each tyre through simulation using finite element analysis. Mixed Lagrangian–Eulerian finite element technique, a specialized technique in ABAQUS, is used to simulate the steady-state cornering behaviour; it is also efficient and cost-effective. Predicted force and moment characteristics are represented as Magic Formula Tyre Model parameters through non-linear least-squares fit using MATLAB. Issues involved in the Magic Formula Tyre Model representation are also discussed. A detailed analysis is made to understand the influence of various design attributes and operating conditions on the Magic Formula parameters. Tread pattern, tread material properties, belt angle, inflation pressure, frictional behaviour at the tyre–road contact interface and their interactions are found to significantly influence vehicle-handling characteristics.     

“十一五”我国内燃发电机组产品进出口分析

对＂十一五＂期间我国内燃发电机组进出口数据进行汇总分析,预测了2011年我国内燃发电机组进出口形势,并对我国生产企业提出了建议。     

温拌SBS改性沥青混合料低温与疲劳特性研究

为了研究温拌剂对SBS改性沥青混合料低温和疲劳特性的影响,采用SGC击实仪成型试件,测试温拌沥青混合料的空隙率与劈裂强度,确定拌和与击实温度,并利用低温小梁实验和四点弯曲疲劳试验测试沥青混合料的力学性能进行评价。研究结果显示:温拌剂掺入,降低了沥青混合料的成型温度.提高了SBS改性沥青混合料的压实性;温拌剂可以提高沥青混合料的破坏应变,使沥青混合料的柔性增加;养生可以提高温拌沥青混合料的低温性能;温拌沥青混合料(WMA)的疲劳寿命大于普通热拌沥青混合料(HMA),并且WMA的疲劳寿命对温度和应变的敏感性较低。     

Development of two driving cycles for utility vehicles

Driving cycles are used to assess vehicle fuel consumption and pollutant emissions. The premise in this article is that suburban road-work vehicles and airport vehicles operate under particular conditions that are not taken into account by conventional driving cycles. Thus, experimental data were acquired from two pickup trucks representing both vehicle fleets that were equipped with a data logger. Based on experimental data, the suburban road-work vehicle showed a mixed driving behavior of high and low speed with occasional long periods of idling. In the airport environment, however, the driving conditions were restricted to airport grounds but were characterized by many accelerations and few high speeds. Based on these measurements, microtrips were defined and two driving cycles proposed. Fuel consumption and pollutant emissions were then measured for both cycles and compared to the FTP-75 and HWFCT cycles, which revealed a major difference: at least a 31% increase in fuel consumption over FTP-75. This increased fuel consumption translates into higher pollutant emissions. When CO₂ equivalent emissions are taken into account, the proposed cycles show an increase of at least 31% over FTP-75 and illustrate the importance of quantifying fleet speed patterns to assess CO₂ equivalent emissions so that the fleet manager can determine potential gains in energy or increased pollutant emissions.     

Onboard tuning of vessel seakeeping model parameters and sea state characteristics

It is essential for a safe and cost-efficient marine operation to improve the knowledge about the real-time onboard vessel conditions. This paper proposes a novel algorithm for simultaneous tuning of important vessel seakeeping model parameters and sea state characteristics based on onboard vessel motion measurements and available wave data. The proposed algorithm is fundamentally based on the unscented transformation and inspired by the scaled unscented Kalman filter, which is very computationally efficient for large dimensional and nonlinear problems. The algorithm is demonstrated by case studies based on numerical simulations, considering realistic sensor noises and wave data uncertainties. Both long-crested and short-crested wave conditions are considered in the case studies. The system state of the proposed tuning framework consists of a vessel state vector and a sea state vector. The tuning results reasonably approach the true values of the considered uncertain vessel parameters and sea state characteristics, with reduced uncertainties. The quantification of the system state uncertainties helps to close a critical gap towards achieving reliability-based marine operations.