Combustion Characteristics and Emission of a Two-Stroke Compression Ignition Engine with Two-Stage Injection

In order to study the effect of two-stage injection on two-stroke diesel engines, a well characterized research engine equipped with electronically controlled common rail system and scavenging system was constructed. Through analysis of combustion and emissions, two-stage injection shows its advantages. Compared with the standard injection, it produces less emissions, while compared with single early injection, it expands engine operation range. Further experiments were carried out to study the influence of several injection control parameters on two-stage injection. The fuel in the first injection is used for forming homogeneous mixture. The fuel in the second injection keeps combustion, and it is the main source of smoke emissions. NO_x is formed in both combustion process caused by these two injections, and there is an optimum fuel allocation ration to produce minimum NO_x. The cylinder pressure decreases, and the combustion is depressed with the increasing of scavenging pressure. By optimizing the injection control parameters of two-stage injection, NO_x and smoke can be reduced beyond 30% simultaneously.     

生物制气-柴油双燃料发动机性能试验研究

分析对比了柴油机和生物制气—柴油双燃料发动机的万有特性、燃烧特性和比排放特性。结果表明,双燃料发动机可以较大程度地减少柴油消耗,NOx排放量显著降低,但后燃较为严重。双燃料发动机的燃烧始点落后于柴油机,除低转速大负荷外,最高燃烧压力和最大燃烧压力升高率均低于柴油机,最高燃烧压力与最大燃烧压力升高率对应相位均滞后于柴油机。     

超高压液压工具在大缸径发动机装配中的应用

在大缸径发动机结构中,由于高爆压、高升功率的发动机的开发越来越多,发动机各部件连接所需的摩擦力越来越大,相应的所需螺栓连接的轴力也越来越大,普通螺栓由于消耗在螺纹、支撑面、法兰等的能量较大,实际得到的轴力也较小.液压拉伸结构螺栓能够起到较大的连接轴力的需求,在大缸径发动机的主轴承螺栓、主轴承侧拉螺栓及缸盖螺栓中应用越来...     

天然抗氧化剂对生物柴油燃烧特性的影响研究

针对生物柴油氧化安定性较差的特点,在调和油B20中添加天然抗氧化剂,改善生物柴油的氧化安定性.通过发动机台架试验,测量了标定转速、不同负荷时,分别添加迷迭香与茶多酚两种抗氧化剂的生物柴油K1B20和K2B20的示功图,并与燃用柴油B0、生物柴油B100以及调和油B20进行对比,探讨了抗氧化剂对柴油机燃烧过程的影响.结果表明:低负荷时,与燃用B0相比,燃用B100的最高燃烧压力、最大压力升高率升高,瞬时放热率峰值降低,滞燃期缩短,燃烧持续期延长;与燃用B20相比,燃用K1B20和K2B20的压力曲线与瞬时放热率曲线形状以及燃烧特性参数基本相同.全负荷时,随生物柴油掺混比的增加,最高燃烧压力降低;燃用K1B20和K2B20的最高燃烧压力升高,对应的曲轴转角略有延迟,最大压力升高率峰值基本相同,对应曲轴转角延迟.燃用K1B20和K2B20对柴油机的输出功率影响不大,与B20相比,滞燃期与燃烧持续期略有缩短,排气温度有所降低.     

Simulation-based assessment methodology to improve ground service operations at a hub airport

ABSTRACT

Airport terminals are dynamic environments and security/passport services generally constitute costly bottlenecks in terminals. Increases in the number of airline passengers compels airport terminals to provide more efficient services to its customers under space and resource limitations. This study examines the level of service of passenger processes at Istanbul Atatürk Airport by constructing a comprehensive simulation model. It focuses mainly on passport control services and passenger transfer security services because of the airport's hub status and the strategy of Turkish Airlines. The increasing number of transfer passengers may cause disruptions in departure flight schedules due to slow passenger processes. After validating the model, we investigate the consequences of three main alternative solutions, including 17 sub-scenarios, to capture target quality levels. Finally, we provide the results for each scenario to investigate the optimum allocation of resources to terminal operations.     

The economic speed of an oceangoing vessel in a dynamic setting

The optimal (economic) speed of oceangoing vessels has become of increased importance due to the combined effect of low freight rates and volatile bunker prices. We examine the problem for vessels operating in the spot market in a tramp mode. In the case of known freight rates between origin destination combinations, a dynamic programming formulation can be applied to determine both the optimal speed and the optimal voyage sequence. Analogous results are derived for random freight rates of known distributions. In the case of independent rates the economic speed depends on fuel price and the expected freight rate, but is independent of the revenue of the particular voyage. For freight rates that depend on a state of the market Markovian random variable, economic speed depends on the market state as well, with increased speed corresponding to good states of the market. The dynamic programming equations in our models differ from those of Markovian decision processes so we develop modifications of standard solution methods, and apply them to small examples.     

船用大缸径柴油机燃烧系统的仿真研究与工程化应用

伴随着排放法规的不断升级,大缸径船用柴油机面临经济性和排放性升级的双重考验,因而对其油气混合过程和燃烧系统匹配优化的需求更加紧迫。文章采用仿真研究的方式,建立某200缸径船用柴油机的燃烧系统三维模型,研究其喷油规律、喷油器流量、夹角及燃烧室形状等参数对燃烧性能的影响,并以此为基础提出改进方案。实验结果表明,仿真优化方案实现了油耗原机基础上降低4.6%、烟度降低53%,极大地改善了产品性能。     

HCCI内燃机工作过程控制方式研究及技术前景展望

本文介绍了均质压燃(HCCI)内燃机的工作过程及技术特点,重点阐述了对其工作过程的控制方式,并对其未来发展前景进行了展望,同时点明了其当前面临的技术挑战。HCCI内燃机是近年来广受关注的一类新型内燃机,其兼具传统汽油机及柴油机的技术优势,尽管其目前依然存在一定的技术挑战,但随着相关技术的不断完善与优化,其必将得以广泛应用。     

不同喷射策略下CRDI柴油机燃用柴油-桐油-乙醇混合燃料的燃烧与排放特性

在1台共轨直喷(CRDI)柴油机上开展了不同喷射策略下桐油、乙醇与柴油混合燃料的燃烧和排放特性研究。试验结果表明:与0号柴油相比,混合燃料的着火延迟期稍长,缸内压力峰值和放热率较高,但燃烧持续期稍短;随着桐油和乙醇体积分数的增加,有效热效率(BTE)也随之增大。在低负荷时,混合燃料的CO和HC排放较高,且随着桐油和乙醇所占体积分数的增大而增加;混合燃料的NO_x排放在低负荷时较低,在高负荷时略高;在高负荷时,混合燃料的炭烟排放大大减少。总体而言,混合燃料中乙醇对发动机性能的影响比桐油大。     

马尔柯夫决策规划随机误差研究

联系实际对马尔柯夫随机过程、转移概率矩阵的建立以及稳定状态概率的计算等理论与方法,进行简明论述;针对马尔柯夫决策中的大量随机因子使转移概率失真而产生的随机误差进行研究,提出了新的见解,并提出将马尔柯夫决策规划与敏感性分析相结合的科学、合理、可行的预测决策技术;充分运用案例,对基抉择过程和步骤作了详尽阐述。