Parameters optimisation of a vehicle suspension system using a particle swarm optimisation algorithm

The purpose of this paper is to determine the lumped suspension parameters that minimise a multi-objective function in a vehicle model under different standard PSD road profiles. This optimisation tries to meet the rms vertical acceleration weighted limits for human sensitivity curves from ISO 2631 [ISO-2631: guide for evaluation of human exposure to whole-body vibration. Europe; 1997] at the driver's seat, the road holding capability and the suspension working space. The vehicle is modelled in the frequency domain using eight degrees of freedom under a random road profile. The particle swarm optimisation and sequential quadratic programming algorithms are used to obtain the suspension optimal parameters in different road profile and vehicle velocity conditions. A sensitivity analysis is performed using the obtained results and, in Class G road profile, the seat damping has the major influence on the minimisation of the multi-objective function. The influence of vehicle parameters in vibration attenuation is analysed and it is concluded that the front suspension stiffness should be less stiff than the rear ones when the driver's seat relative position is located forward the centre of gravity of the car body. Graphs and tables for the behaviour of suspension parameters related to road classes, used algorithms and velocities are presented to illustrate the results. In Class A road profile it was possible to find optimal parameters within the boundaries of the design variables that resulted in acceptable values for the comfort, road holding and suspension working space.     

Towards comfort-optimal trajectory planning and control

ABSTRACT

This paper describes a method to analyse and evaluate different trajectory planning methods and controller types for usage in automated vehicles. Its application is shown by using a novel trajectory planning approach considering comfort aspects (based on Rapidly Exploring Random Tree (RRT)), two different controllers to follow the planned path (cascade controller and flatness based controller) and a simulation method to obtain resulting lateral vehicle accelerations. The method is used to plan and drive a trajectory through a roundabout. It can be seen that the lateral accelerations of the controller-driven vehicle are in the range of the values used for planning. However, the results of both controllers show differences in lateral deviation and in smoothness of lateral accelerations. The simulation results are then compared to real-world test drives in the same roundabout. The measured lateral accelerations are in the same range as well but show a smoother progression than the two controller models.     

Biologically induced differences in erodibility and aggregation of subtidal and intertidal sediments: a possible cause for seasonal changes in sediment deposition

This study was carried out to describe the difference in erodibility and aggregation in a tidal basin including both subtidal and intertidal study sites and to use these results to explain the shifting erosion/deposition cycles at the sites. Erosion thresholds, erosion rates and settling velocities of the eroded material were measured at a mudflat transect and at sediment cores taken from a nearby tidal channel during surveys made in May 2000 and March 2002. Surface samples were analysed for grain-size, chl. a content, faecal pellet content, dry bulk density and organic content. Additionally, surface samples were taken at eight occasions in the period January 2002 to May 2003 from shallow tidal channels in the area. These samples were analysed for mud content and showed that major shifts in sediment distribution occurred in the period. The erodibility of the mudflat was generally high due to pelletization by the mudsnail Hydrobia ulvae but close to the salt marsh much lower erodibility was found, probably due to stabilisation by microphytobenthos. In contrast, the erodibility of the channel bed seemed to be very little influenced by biological activity and the relatively low erodibility found here was caused by physical characteristics of the sediment. The sediment eroded from the mudflat was generally strongly pelletized and showed high settling velocities whereas less aggregation and lower settling velocities were found for the channel bed sediments. Temporal variations of the mudflat stability and hydrodynamics resulted in temporal variations of deposition and erosion and the changing stability at the mudflat is likely to be one of the main reasons for a general transport of fine-grained sediment from the mudflat to the channel in the cold seasons and vice versa during the rest of the year.     

整车平顺性仿真的标准化分析研究

为了规范整车在平顺性研究方面的仿真计算,本文提出了从输入要求到平顺性模型建立及最后的数据处理等一系列标准化研究的方法。该方法在企业的应用实施工作表明,采用整车平顺性仿真的标准工作方法,可以很好地规范CAD/CAE数据,既保证了设计各阶段数据的全相关、共享,同时也保证了主模型的安全,方便设计人员与CAE分析人员之间的数据交换,提高了平顺性仿真模型的构建效率和分析质量。     

高速空调客车通过隧道时车内压力波数值方法初探

高速列车通过隧道时会带来乘客舒适性问题。现利用流入、流出相邻两节密封车厢的流量关系,发展了高速空调客车车厢在彼此隔离条件下车外压力引起的车内压力计算方法,模拟了客车在加装风量调节式控制系统时隧道单车压力波与会车压力波条件下的车内压力波动规律,验证了该类系统减缓车内压力的有效性。     

船舶舱室置换通风系统的数值模拟和优化

船上有些空间大、人员集中、船体结构复杂的舱室,传统送风方式难以满足需求,给空气环境设计带来很大挑战。文章采用计算流体力学方法研究置换通风系统在船舶舱室中的应用,通过建立物理和数值计算模型,在设计初始阶段对其进行气流组织、热舒适性等方面的模拟分析和优化应用研究;针对某实船舱室的置换通风系统原始方案和优化方案进行对比分析,结果表明置换通风系统具有流动分层和垂直温度梯度的特点。相比原始方案,优化方案使舱室内温度、风速和热舒适性指标等得到优化,有效降低了吹风感,保证人体周围的空气品质,热舒适性指标也符合标准要求。对船舶置换通风系统的应用研究具有借鉴意义。     

船舶横摇混沌阈值的数值方法研究

为计算梅尔尼科夫函数的简单零点,文章比较分析了两种数值算法:类帕德逼近和高斯—勒让德积分,作为验证,计算了某激励频率下系统的李雅普诺夫指数谱。然后选取某型船,采用梅尔尼科夫函数方法计算了横摇动力系统的混沌阈值,观察了横摇系统的安全池随外激励增大而逐渐破损的过程,并追踪了破损域中某点的相轨迹。研究计算表明:类帕德逼近可以较精确地得到同(异)宿轨道的参数方程,但在方程的设解形式上需要一定的技巧性,且计算量较大;高斯—勒让德积分不关注参数方程具体形式,处理简单,便于工程计算。     

汽车安全带舒适性研究

结合大量国外文献、各国法规以及作者的工作经验,总结了安全带舒适性的研究内容,并针对乘客安全带佩戴前、佩戴时和佩戴后的具体内容,分别研究和讨论了安全带的佩戴位置、卷收器噪音、安全带拉出和回收力等相关舒适性设计要求。     

华蓥山隧道硫化氢气体检测及综合整治研究

华蓥山特长隧道洞身穿越区域性含油地层,残余油气藏的原油在热作用下产生具有较强毒性和臭鸡蛋气味的硫化氢气体,透过衬砌裂缝或渗漏水进入隧道,影响隧道内的卫生标准和洞内行车的舒适性.通过隧道内渗漏水中硫化物和挥发性物质成分的测定,得出渗漏水是带出硫化氢气体的重要通道之一;检测隧道内硫化氢气体浓度的分布,确定硫化氢气体涌出的主要段落.基于隧道内硫化氢气体的涌出通道,制订采用地下水封闭引排、裂缝封堵和加强隧道内运营通风相结合的综合治理措施.参照国内外其它行业有关硫化氢气体浓度控制标准,制订了隧道内硫化氢气体的卫生标准和舒适性标准,在无现行规范可循的情况下,具有一定的参考意义.     

Dynamic model for ride comfort evaluations of the rubber-tired light rail vehicle

The dynamic model was developed to evaluate vibration accelerations and ride comforts during the running of the Korean-standardised rubber-tired light rail vehicle. Ride comfort indexes were analysed and tested in accordance with UIC 513R by using the dynamic model and the actual vehicle in the test track. Based on the comparisons between analysis results and test results, the validity of the developed dynamic model was evaluated. It was verified whether or not the developed Korean-standardised rubber-tired light rail vehicle met the specified target specification on ride comfort. In addition, the influence of the wearing of guide wheels on ride comfort was estimated.