Policy implementation of multi-modal (shared) mobility: review of a supply-demand value proposition canvas

ABSTRACT

Urban mobility options have increased in recent years, assisted by the widespread availability of smart device software apps, geo-positioning technology, and convenient electronic financial transactions. Multi-modal shared mobility consists of public transit systems and shared mobilities that support first/last mile travel, denoting the capability of Mobility as a Service (MaaS), and to stimulate additional non-private car travel demand. This paper reviews the supply and demand sides of implementation of multi-modal shared mobility. It found that an abundance of shared modes of car, bike, and e-scooter that are linked to public transport, can improve transport accessibility to meet specific public preferences, reduce social inequality, and minimise dilemmas from the demand side. This study introduces government policy innovations and other supporting system to improve the implementation of multi-modal shared mobility. Government policies play a key role in supporting shared mobility and technology development. However, governments do not have much information about new products such as shared mobility, which creates difficulties in subsidising multi-modal shared mobility services and potentially leads to policy failures around shared mobility schemes. This study suggests that policy entrepreneurship in collaboration with other partners, policy innovation, and the notions of merit goods and second-best policymaking can enable policy initiatives towards multi-modal shared mobility and provide supporting arguments if policies encounter failures. Implementing multi-modal shared mobility requires a collaborative partnership for a paradigm shift: service providers and government must jointly set a merit-based business model, with the support of organisations to achieve improved infrastructure provision, and smart technology applications. The findings will assist the community, business providers and government policymakers to promote multi-modal shared mobility as a pathway towards more efficient, environmentally sustainable, and socially responsive mobility solutions.     

道路交通统计生命价值测算模型及其验证

基于参数服从SB分布的混合Logit 模型进行道路交通统计生命价值的测算研究. 首先，结合意愿选择法和正交实验法设计出行路径选择调查问卷；然后，基于死亡风险系数服从对数正态分布和SB分布的混合Logit 模型，构建统计生命价值测算模型；接着以大连市私家车出行者为调查对象获得调查数据，并利用Monte Carlo 仿真方法进行模型参数标定；最后，对模型进行比较分析，并获得统计生命价值的测算值. 研究结果表明：死亡风险参数服从限制域为(0.0, 0.5)SB分布的混合Logit 模型，精确性更高且更合理；道路交通统计生命价值测算值为 105.76万元，这一结果可以作为道路交通安全项目经济评价的参考数据.     

回弹法检测灌浆料早期强度的试验研究

为探究现场测定灌浆料早期抗压强度的无损检测方法,采用一种加固型灌浆料制备2种不同类型的灌浆料,各14个龄期,共252个试块,并对其进行回弹和抗压强度试验,以探究该灌浆料早期强度与回弹值之间的关系。基于最小二乘法原理,按照不同的函数表达式,分别对试验数据进行回归分析及对比,提出了回弹法检测灌浆料早期强度的测强公式,从而为采用回弹法进行现场检测灌浆料早期强度试验研究提供参考。     

基于MEEMD-HT的无绝缘轨道电路补偿电容故障特征分析

为研究无绝缘轨道电路补偿电容断线故障模式下的故障特征,采用一种改进的集合经验模态分解-Hilbert变换(MEEMD-HT)方法。为分析单一补偿电容断线故障对分路电流的影响,利用传输线理论建立ZPW-2000A轨道电路模型并仿真。采用MEEMD方法对发生补偿电容断线故障下的分路电流幅值曲线进行分解,并且通过HT生成Hilbert谱、时频能量谱、边际谱,对谱线的特征进行分析,实现对补偿电容的故障特征分析。仿真分析结果表明,采用的MEEMD-HT方法得出的Hilbert谱中的故障特征明显,该方法可以用作补偿电容故障特征分析。     

“桑吉”轮油污损害赔偿法律适用问题探析

“桑吉”轮所载货物凝析油,不属于《1992年责任公约》所调整的“持久性油类”范畴,此外其还装载有1900余吨船用燃料油。该案作为世界上首例“凝析油”油船海难事故,因此导致油污损害赔偿法律适用问题并不明朗,适用不同法律可能导致相关方赔偿责任限制差异巨大。探究“桑吉”轮案油污损害赔偿法律适用问题,不仅有助于满足我国现实司法需要,更可为我国乃至世界处理此类油污损害问题提供有益借鉴。文中将从国际公约及国内法角度,对“桑吉”轮油污损害赔偿问题可能涉及的法律适用问题进行探析。     

Minimum sample size for extreme value statistics of flow-induced response

Extreme value statistics are one way to determine the maximum design loads for systems in extreme conditions, such as operational loads experienced by ships. Accurate predictions typically require large sample sizes, which are not always possible to obtain. Conversely, small sample sizes lead to more variation in the predictions. Increasing the sample size improves the variance to a desired range. The proposed method aimed to estimate a minimum sample size for an extreme value process by specifying and obtaining an acceptable variance. Minimum sample sizes for extreme value statistics depend on the distribution's behavior, so the method proposed here was designed for use before and during measurements. To test the proposed method, the response of a cantilever fin with a varying angle of attack was measured. The proposed method was able to estimate minimum sample sizes for several distributions. Accuracy was demonstrated by randomly drawing measured and simulated samples.     

钢-混凝土组合梁桥的温度梯度作用——作用模式与极值分析

为建立适用于钢-混组合梁桥的竖向温度梯度作用模式和取值方法，对一组合梁节段模型开展超过一年的长期温度测试与有限元数值模拟，以温度场分解得到的竖向线性温差和残余温度作为温度评价指标，根据指标达到极值时的竖向温度分布特征建立适用于组合梁桥的温度梯度模式体系。利用气象站23年的历史气象数据计算组合梁桥的长期温度梯度，采用基于广义帕累托分布(GP分布)的超阈值模型进行温度梯度代表值极值分析。研究结果表明：竖向线性温差和残余温度可反映温度作用在结构产生的次生效应和自生效应，是判断竖向温度梯度模式合理性的有效评价指标；考虑中梁和边梁腹板的日照条件差异，建立了适用于多主梁组合梁桥的竖向温度梯度模式体系，包括了2种升温模式和1种降温模式，对不同铺装厚度和桥面板板厚均有较好的适用性；钢梁形状对各温度梯度模式的影响并不显著，桥面板厚度、沥青铺装厚度对组合梁顶部的温差影响显著，钢表面吸收率则对升温模式1、2中钢梁部分的温差影响显著；在边梁的升温模式2中，钢梁温度渐变段高度与组合梁的悬高比(桥面板悬臂宽度与钢梁高度的比值)有直接关系，当悬高比大于1.51时，钢梁完全处于阴影之中；建立了西安组合梁桥各温度梯度中温差的GP分布模型，计算得到了各温差50年重现期的代表值，通过与中国通规和欧洲规范中的温度梯度模式对比，发现提出的3种温度梯度模式可以更好地包络住组合梁桥中梁和边梁长期运营期间产生的正负线性温差和拉压应力状态，对于中国规范组合梁桥温度作用相关条款的补充具有重要意义。     

Transit technology investment and selection under urban population volatility: A real option perspective

This paper addresses transit technology investment issues under urban population volatility using a real option approach. Two important problems are investigated: which transit technology should be selected and when should it be introduced. A real option model is proposed to incorporate explicitly the effects of transit technology investment on urban spatial structure in terms of households’ residential location choices and housing market. The trigger population thresholds for investing in a transit technology project and for shifting from a transit technology to another are explored analytically. Comparative static analyses of the urban system and transit technology investment are also carried out. It was found that (i) transit technology investment can induce urban sprawl; (ii) ignoring the effects of transit technology investment on urban spatial equilibrium can lead to a late investment; and (iii) there is a significant difference in the trigger population thresholds for transit technology shift estimated by the net present value approach and the real option approach.     

基于NL-累计前景理论的出行方式 选择预测模型研究

为改进效用理论在个体风险偏好、非完全理性决策、方式整体效用等方面的表述局限，联立出行方式与出发时段构建双因素出行方案，并建立基于巢式 Logit(NL)-累计前景理论的出行方式选择预测优化模型.通过累计前景理论将 NL模型所获方案客观效用及选择概率主观化，构建累计权重函数、价值函数并以前景值的形式描述出行方式对出行者的实际感知价值，最后通过调查数据进行建模与验证.结果表明，与仅基于 NL模型进行的方式预测相比，所建模型综合命中率从74.8%上升至85.2%，各方式预测命中率更为均衡.     

车道线识别中的自适应Canny边缘检测及改进研究

针对Canny边缘检测阈值在车道线识别中不易选取的问题,提出了基于Otsu算法实现自适应Canny边缘检测的方法。实验验证表明,其对远视野道路图像可以获得良好的边缘检测效果,而对近视野道路图像效果较差。进一步提出了目标区域补偿策略改进上述算法。结合Hough变换算法,实现了车道线的识别。实验结果表明,改进的算法可以达到实时获取车道线的要求。