A study of factors influencing the severity of road crashes involving drunk drivers and non drunk drivers

In this study, an attempt has been made to develop Multinomial Logit (MNL) model by analysing the drunken and non drunken drivers involved in road crashes on Indian highways. Multinomial Logit model has been deployed to assess the influence of various parameters like vehicular, environment and geometric factors on the set of drivers who were found to be drunk at the time of getting involved in the road crash and those who were not under the influence of alcohol at the time of meeting with the road crash. The total economic cost of road crashes in the case of non-drunk driver road crash is Rs. 1046.27 million whereas in the case of drunk driver road crashes it is estimated to be Rs. 204.50 million. Further, it can be observed that economic cost of drunk driver road crashes is varying from 13 to 19 % across different types of road crashes.     

汽车碰撞瞬间驾驶员颈部肌电信号变化规律研究

为了解驾驶员在汽车碰撞瞬间的颈部肌肉主动反应,在汽车性能模拟器上构造了具有高度虚拟现实感的汽车正碰工况,选择10名志愿者在模拟器上分别以20、50、80和100km/h时速驾驶,记录在碰撞发生时驾驶员胸锁乳突肌、头夹肌和斜方肌的肌肉电信号及其肌肉激活程度。实验结果表明,发生碰撞时,驾驶员主要工作肌群的肌肉电信号明显升高,同时,肌电信号增幅随着车速升高呈现整体增大态势。本研究揭示了汽车碰撞时驾驶员颈部肌肉力学特性的动态变化规律,为高仿生保真度的假人模型的建造和更为准确地分析乘员碰撞损伤提供了理论支撑。     

女性汽车驾驶员正面碰撞伤害分析及安全性能优化

本文利用MADYMO软件对第5百分位女性驾驶员在50km/h正面碰撞中的表现进行了仿真,对转向管柱角度、安全带限力等级、安全气囊点火时刻以及安全气囊排气孔大小等因素对女性驾驶员伤害的影响进行了分析,并对女性驾驶员的正面碰撞安全性能进行了优化。     

汽车正面小重叠碰撞研究与测试成绩分析

由于汽车正面小重叠碰撞在交通事故中所占比例较高,本文依据2012年8月14日,美国高速公路安全保险协会（Insurance Institute for Highway Safety,IIHS）实施的25%正面小重叠碰撞试验,分析汽车正面小重叠碰撞试验的内容及其必要性,并对IIHS公布的25%正面小重叠碰撞试验结果进行研究,给与消费者购车指导。     

Rear‐end crash potential estimation in the work zone merging areas

This paper proposed a methodology to estimate rear‐end crash potential of the merging vehicles traveling in the merge lane, on the basis of the traffic data extracting from the available videotapes. First, we developed a binary logit model to identify drivers' merging behavior in the work zone merging area. Subsequently, the occurrence potential of rear‐end crash based on time‐to‐collision was computed between the merging vehicle and its neighboring vehicles. The overall crash potential of the merging vehicle was finally determined. It was found that the crash potential decreases with the remaining distance to work zone. Moreover, there will be a rear‐end crash potential of 4.0% if the merging vehicle fails to complete merging at the end of work zone merging area. If the merging vehicle takes an early merge, there will be a lower rear‐end crash potential (1.2%). These findings suggest that we should encourage merging vehicles to take early merges for improving the traffic safety in the work zone merging areas. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

列车冲撞浆砌片石式线路终端车挡的动态仿真分析

首次采用离散单元法对列车冲撞浆砌片石式线路终端车挡进行仿真分析.利用建立的浆砌片石式终端车挡离散单元模型和列车纵向动力学模型,通过两模型间的数据交换,实现冲撞过程的仿真.以某次溜车事故为例,对列车冲撞浆砌片石式终端车挡的动态过程进行仿真分析.结果表明:列车以4.3m·s-1的初速度冲撞浆砌片石式线路终端车挡,冲撞后列车的速度降至3.96m·s-1,表明该车挡能够吸收的能量较少;冲撞后车挡墙体中的土壤颗粒分布以及车辆结构的损坏与现场情况吻合程度很好,表明对冲撞过程的仿真模拟是有效的.对不同初速度冲撞工况进行仿真,结果表明,浆砌片石式终端车挡消耗的能量、最大冲击力和列车末速度均随着冲撞初速度的增大而增大;拟合得到列车冲撞末速度与初速度的线性关系,并计算出浆砌片石式终端车挡的最大允许冲撞速度为0.6504m.s-1,当车速低于该速度时,该车挡可以阻止列车冲出轨道.     

预制拼装技术在绍兴智慧快速路中的应用

预制拼装技术因其绿色环保、施工便捷快速、质量控制好的优势,在城市高架桥梁中的应用越来越广。以浙江省绍兴市智慧快速路工程中的二环北路快速路为例,介绍了预制拼装技术在工程中的应用。上部结构标准段采用小箱梁,节点位置采用钢混组合梁或钢箱梁;下部结构采用预制盖梁和预制立柱;附属结构采用预制防撞墙。重点介绍预制盖梁的设计和施工方案,可供同类工程参考使用。     

含第二次碰撞的车对车碰撞事故模拟计算模型研究

本文介绍了根据现场痕迹即可含第二次碰撞的车对车碰撞事故进行分析与再现的计算模型，为此模型对日本汽车研究所提供的５例实车碰撞试验进行了计算模拟，结果基本一致。     

Data-driven train set crash dynamics simulation

Traditional finite element (FE) methods are arguably expensive in computation/simulation of the train crash. High computational cost limits their direct applications in investigating dynamic behaviours of an entire train set for crashworthiness design and structural optimisation. On the contrary, multi-body modelling is widely used because of its low computational cost with the trade-off in accuracy. In this study, a data-driven train crash modelling method is proposed to improve the performance of a multi-body dynamics simulation of train set crash without increasing the computational burden. This is achieved by the parallel random forest algorithm, which is a machine learning approach that extracts useful patterns of force–displacement curves and predicts a force–displacement relation in a given collision condition from a collection of offline FE simulation data on various collision conditions, namely different crash velocities in our analysis. Using the FE simulation results as a benchmark, we compared our method with traditional multi-body modelling methods and the result shows that our data-driven method improves the accuracy over traditional multi-body models in train crash simulation and runs at the same level of efficiency.     

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分析了汽车碰撞交通事故抛物体研究进展，包括行人、骑车人和自行车模型。对各数学模型的研究现状、存在的问题和发展前沿进行了论述。本文作者利用PCCrash建立虚拟仿真碰撞试验场，对应不同车辆类型，分别建立了车辆—行人侧面碰撞、后部碰撞，刮擦碰撞和自行车/骑车人仿真抛距模型。传统的抛距模型中，车辆在发生碰撞时通常会采取制动措施，本文对车辆不采取制动的碰撞形式也进行了分析和仿真，建立了车辆行人高速碰撞模型，上述工作对车辆行人事故再现研究的发展具有一定指导意义和实用价值。