基于Ls-Dyna和Hyperstudy的汽车吸能盒优化分析

基于Ls-Dyna和Altair Hyperstudy软件,以汽车吸能盒的板材厚度和形状为设计变量,吸能盒质量和刚性墙反力为约束条件,最大化内能为优化目标,对吸能盒进行尺寸和形状优化。优化结果显示,吸能盒质量和碰撞反力基本保持不变,而吸能效果提高了约10%。     

汽车碰撞瞬间驾驶员颈部肌电信号变化规律研究

为了解驾驶员在汽车碰撞瞬间的颈部肌肉主动反应,在汽车性能模拟器上构造了具有高度虚拟现实感的汽车正碰工况,选择10名志愿者在模拟器上分别以20、50、80和100km/h时速驾驶,记录在碰撞发生时驾驶员胸锁乳突肌、头夹肌和斜方肌的肌肉电信号及其肌肉激活程度。实验结果表明,发生碰撞时,驾驶员主要工作肌群的肌肉电信号明显升高,同时,肌电信号增幅随着车速升高呈现整体增大态势。本研究揭示了汽车碰撞时驾驶员颈部肌肉力学特性的动态变化规律,为高仿生保真度的假人模型的建造和更为准确地分析乘员碰撞损伤提供了理论支撑。     

女性汽车驾驶员正面碰撞伤害分析及安全性能优化

本文利用MADYMO软件对第5百分位女性驾驶员在50km/h正面碰撞中的表现进行了仿真,对转向管柱角度、安全带限力等级、安全气囊点火时刻以及安全气囊排气孔大小等因素对女性驾驶员伤害的影响进行了分析,并对女性驾驶员的正面碰撞安全性能进行了优化。     

Rear‐end crash potential estimation in the work zone merging areas

This paper proposed a methodology to estimate rear‐end crash potential of the merging vehicles traveling in the merge lane, on the basis of the traffic data extracting from the available videotapes. First, we developed a binary logit model to identify drivers' merging behavior in the work zone merging area. Subsequently, the occurrence potential of rear‐end crash based on time‐to‐collision was computed between the merging vehicle and its neighboring vehicles. The overall crash potential of the merging vehicle was finally determined. It was found that the crash potential decreases with the remaining distance to work zone. Moreover, there will be a rear‐end crash potential of 4.0% if the merging vehicle fails to complete merging at the end of work zone merging area. If the merging vehicle takes an early merge, there will be a lower rear‐end crash potential (1.2%). These findings suggest that we should encourage merging vehicles to take early merges for improving the traffic safety in the work zone merging areas. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

电动自行车与机动车事故严重性影响因素分析

为减少电动自行车与机动车事故造成的损失,定量剖析不同因素对事故严重程度的差异性影响至关重要。基于上虞区2018年10304起电动自行车与机动车事故,分析该类事故的严重性分布情况和时间与空间分布特性。以事故严重性为因变量,将其有序分为未受伤、轻伤及重伤事故3类,从时间、空间、道路、环境、骑行者及车型6个方面,选取17个事故严重性潜在影响因素,采用多项Logit模型、有序Logit模型、广义有序Logit模型及偏比例优势模型进行拟合度对比分析,并以最佳模型(偏比例优势模型)和边际效应,量化分析各因素对事故严重性影响的显著性与差异性。结果表明,除节日类型、车道限速、车流相交角及温度对事故严重性影响不显著外,其余13个因素都有显著影响,事故时间、光线亮度、骑者性别、骑者年龄、车辆类型及电动自行车类型违反平行线假设;对该类事故严重性影响最大的前4个因素为电动自行车类型、机动车类型、骑行者年龄与性别,其边际效应绝对值的最大值均超过61%,事故区位、道路类型及光线亮度的影响较大(20%~30%),事故时间和风力等级影响较小(10%~20%),而季节、事故位置、慢行干扰度和天气状况的影响最小(≤8%)。基于各因素的差异性影响,为交通管理部门提出了有效改善建议。     

列车冲撞浆砌片石式线路终端车挡的动态仿真分析

首次采用离散单元法对列车冲撞浆砌片石式线路终端车挡进行仿真分析.利用建立的浆砌片石式终端车挡离散单元模型和列车纵向动力学模型,通过两模型间的数据交换,实现冲撞过程的仿真.以某次溜车事故为例,对列车冲撞浆砌片石式终端车挡的动态过程进行仿真分析.结果表明:列车以4.3m·s-1的初速度冲撞浆砌片石式线路终端车挡,冲撞后列车的速度降至3.96m·s-1,表明该车挡能够吸收的能量较少;冲撞后车挡墙体中的土壤颗粒分布以及车辆结构的损坏与现场情况吻合程度很好,表明对冲撞过程的仿真模拟是有效的.对不同初速度冲撞工况进行仿真,结果表明,浆砌片石式终端车挡消耗的能量、最大冲击力和列车末速度均随着冲撞初速度的增大而增大;拟合得到列车冲撞末速度与初速度的线性关系,并计算出浆砌片石式终端车挡的最大允许冲撞速度为0.6504m.s-1,当车速低于该速度时,该车挡可以阻止列车冲出轨道.     

Data-driven train set crash dynamics simulation

Traditional finite element (FE) methods are arguably expensive in computation/simulation of the train crash. High computational cost limits their direct applications in investigating dynamic behaviours of an entire train set for crashworthiness design and structural optimisation. On the contrary, multi-body modelling is widely used because of its low computational cost with the trade-off in accuracy. In this study, a data-driven train crash modelling method is proposed to improve the performance of a multi-body dynamics simulation of train set crash without increasing the computational burden. This is achieved by the parallel random forest algorithm, which is a machine learning approach that extracts useful patterns of force–displacement curves and predicts a force–displacement relation in a given collision condition from a collection of offline FE simulation data on various collision conditions, namely different crash velocities in our analysis. Using the FE simulation results as a benchmark, we compared our method with traditional multi-body modelling methods and the result shows that our data-driven method improves the accuracy over traditional multi-body models in train crash simulation and runs at the same level of efficiency.     

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分析了汽车碰撞交通事故抛物体研究进展，包括行人、骑车人和自行车模型。对各数学模型的研究现状、存在的问题和发展前沿进行了论述。本文作者利用PCCrash建立虚拟仿真碰撞试验场，对应不同车辆类型，分别建立了车辆—行人侧面碰撞、后部碰撞，刮擦碰撞和自行车/骑车人仿真抛距模型。传统的抛距模型中，车辆在发生碰撞时通常会采取制动措施，本文对车辆不采取制动的碰撞形式也进行了分析和仿真，建立了车辆行人高速碰撞模型，上述工作对车辆行人事故再现研究的发展具有一定指导意义和实用价值。     

预制拼装技术在绍兴智慧快速路中的应用

预制拼装技术因其绿色环保、施工便捷快速、质量控制好的优势,在城市高架桥梁中的应用越来越广。以浙江省绍兴市智慧快速路工程中的二环北路快速路为例,介绍了预制拼装技术在工程中的应用。上部结构标准段采用小箱梁,节点位置采用钢混组合梁或钢箱梁;下部结构采用预制盖梁和预制立柱;附属结构采用预制防撞墙。重点介绍预制盖梁的设计和施工方案,可供同类工程参考使用。     

Effectiveness of red light cameras on the right‐angle crash involvement of motorcycles

Red light cameras (RLCs) have been used to reduce right‐angle collisions at signalized intersections. However, the effect of RLCs on motorcycle crashes has not been well investigated. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of RLCs on motorcycle safety in Singapore. This is done by comparing their exposure, proneness of at‐fault right‐angle crashes as well as the resulting right‐angle collisions at RLC with those at non‐RLC sites. Estimating the crash vulnerability from not‐at‐fault crash involvements, the study shows that with a RLC, the relative crash vulnerability (RCV) or crash‐involved exposure of motorcycles at right‐angle crashes is reduced. Furthermore, field investigation of motorcycle maneuvers reveal that at non‐RLC arms, motorcyclists usually queue beyond the stop line, facilitating an earlier discharge, and hence become more exposed to the conflicting stream. However at arms with a RLC, motorcyclists are more restrained to avoid activating the RLC and hence become less exposed to conflicting traffic during the initial period of the green. The study also shows that in right‐angle collisions, the proneness of at‐fault crashes of motorcycles is lowest among all vehicle types. Hence motorcycles are more likely to be victims than the responsible parties in right‐angle crashes. RLCs have also been found to be very effective in reducing at‐fault crash involvements of other vehicle types which may implicate exposed motorcycles in the conflicting stream. Taking all these into account, the presence of RLCs should significantly reduce the vulnerability of motorcycles at signalized intersections. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.