含第二次碰撞的车对车碰撞事故模拟计算模型研究

本文介绍了根据现场痕迹即可含第二次碰撞的车对车碰撞事故进行分析与再现的计算模型，为此模型对日本汽车研究所提供的５例实车碰撞试验进行了计算模拟，结果基本一致。     

Data-driven train set crash dynamics simulation

Traditional finite element (FE) methods are arguably expensive in computation/simulation of the train crash. High computational cost limits their direct applications in investigating dynamic behaviours of an entire train set for crashworthiness design and structural optimisation. On the contrary, multi-body modelling is widely used because of its low computational cost with the trade-off in accuracy. In this study, a data-driven train crash modelling method is proposed to improve the performance of a multi-body dynamics simulation of train set crash without increasing the computational burden. This is achieved by the parallel random forest algorithm, which is a machine learning approach that extracts useful patterns of force–displacement curves and predicts a force–displacement relation in a given collision condition from a collection of offline FE simulation data on various collision conditions, namely different crash velocities in our analysis. Using the FE simulation results as a benchmark, we compared our method with traditional multi-body modelling methods and the result shows that our data-driven method improves the accuracy over traditional multi-body models in train crash simulation and runs at the same level of efficiency.     

高速铁路桥梁声屏障插入损失五声源预测模式研究

研究一种高速铁路桥梁声屏障插入损失的五声源预测模式,可应用于时速300 km以上高速铁路声屏障声学设计。对高速铁路噪声源进行现场辨识测试,分析其声源特性,将高速铁路噪声源简化为轮轨区、车体下部、车体上部、集电系统、桥梁结构5个等效噪声源。根据单声源模式的声屏障插入损失预测公式,结合不同车速下声源等效频率和噪声贡献量,同时考虑桥梁翼板对声传播的影响,形成五声源模式的声屏障插入损失预测公式。采用该方法计算2.15 m声屏障插入损失并与现场测试数据对比,结果显示距离线路25~50 m处受声点插入损失预测结果与实测结果吻合度最高。     

轨道交通路基段减隔振屏障的模型试验研究

为了研究不同因素对屏障减隔振效果的影响,通过模型试验得到300 Hz内10 Hz整数倍的不同频率简谐荷载引起的振动波在地表的传播衰减规律,并对比分析无屏障及钢筋混凝土板、泡沫塑料板、非连续空井排、连续空井排、不同排距排桩、不同排数排桩等不同减隔振屏障措施的减隔振效果。试验结果表明:钢筋混凝土板屏障的减隔振效果最好;非连续空井排屏障与排桩屏障的减隔振效果无明显差异;当桩距固定为1.5倍桩径,调整排距至2.5倍桩径时,排桩屏障的减隔振效果最佳;排数越多,排桩屏障的减隔振效果越好;在各类减隔振屏障后均存在一定范围的振动隔离区,在振动隔离区范围外,屏障的减隔振效果消失。     

��ͨ�¹����ˡ��ﳵ�˺����г��׾�ģ��

分析了汽车碰撞交通事故抛物体研究进展，包括行人、骑车人和自行车模型。对各数学模型的研究现状、存在的问题和发展前沿进行了论述。本文作者利用PCCrash建立虚拟仿真碰撞试验场，对应不同车辆类型，分别建立了车辆—行人侧面碰撞、后部碰撞，刮擦碰撞和自行车/骑车人仿真抛距模型。传统的抛距模型中，车辆在发生碰撞时通常会采取制动措施，本文对车辆不采取制动的碰撞形式也进行了分析和仿真，建立了车辆行人高速碰撞模型，上述工作对车辆行人事故再现研究的发展具有一定指导意义和实用价值。     

热障涂层应力场的微拉曼光谱技术测试研究

采用等离子体喷涂工艺制备了热障涂层实验样品,在不同高温下进行热循环氧化实验。再应用微拉曼光谱法测量了热障涂层样品内残余应力场大小,并分析了试样尺寸、热处理温度和陶瓷涂层厚度对残余应力的影响。经历20次热循环氧化实验后,测得陶瓷涂层内残余应力由初始压缩应力值(-30~-20 MPa)逐渐变化到(-15~15 MPa),与文献[3~7]结果比较一致。最后,用扫描电镜观察了试样截面形貌的变化。     

提高陆风SUV汽车正面碰撞安全性的研究

针对"陆风SUV汽车被动安全性改进开发"项目的要求,采用CAE技术,找出了陆风SUV现有车身结构存在的问题,提出了改进方案,并对其效果进行了验证。     

山区公路路侧安全性研究及对策

山区公路的路侧事故率较高,这与山区公路中缺乏防护设施的保护有关。为改善山区公路安全性能,降低车辆冲出路外的路侧事故,对公路路侧安全性设计原则进行研究,从而提高路侧安全设计水平。针对山区公路特有的特点,提出在山区公路中应加强路侧护栏的设置,路侧护栏作为公路上基本的交通安全设施,能减轻事故的严重度。     

高速铁路840 m全封闭声屏障气压荷载数值模拟研究

采用我国干线铁路开行的复兴号动车组,基于计算流体力学软件Fluent,对高速列车以350 km·h^-1速度通过840 m全封闭声屏障及1/2跨和1/4跨会车工况下声屏障的气压荷载分布规律进行数值模拟。结果表明:会车工况下的压力极值均大于单车工况下,且变化规律更为复杂,声屏障中间位置即1/2跨会车时的压力极值达到最大值,最大正压和负压分别为2 672和4 619 Pa,分别为单车工况下的2.05倍和1.87倍;同一截面各测点的气压荷载波动规律相似,但压力极值存在明显差异;单车工况下,声屏障同一截面上不同测点处的极值压差达到0.6 kPa,体现了压力波传递的三维效应。通过数值模拟获得的全封闭声屏障压力极值和气压荷载分布规律,为声屏障结构设计提供理论依据。     

Age related annual crash incidence rate ratios in professional drivers of heavy goods vehicles

ObjectivesEvidence concerning crash risk for older heavy vehicle drivers is sparse, making it difficult to assess if it is prudent to encourage older drivers to remain in the workforce in a climate of labour shortages. The objective of this study was to estimate annual crash rate ratios of older male heavy vehicle drivers relative to their middle aged peers.MethodsData utilized in this study includes all crashes meeting inclusion criteria involving heavy goods vehicles, categorised as rigid trucks and articulated trucks; this data was recorded by the New South Wales Roads and Traffic Authority. The exposure to the risk of a crash was represented by distance travelled for each vehicle type and year, by age of driver, as estimated by the Australian Survey of Motor Vehicle Use. Negative binomial regression modelling was applied to estimate annual crash incidence rate ratios for male drivers in various age groups.ResultsA total of 26,146 crashes occurred in New South Wales during 1999–2006, involving a total of 54,191 vehicles; removing observations that did not meet the inclusion criteria, 19,736 observations remained representing 12,501 crashes. For rigid trucks, the incidence rate ratio for drivers aged 65+ years, compared to 45–54 year olds, was 0.74 (95% CI 0.51, 0.98). For articulated trucks, the annual crash incidence rate ratio for drivers aged 65+ years compared to 45–54 year olds was 1.4 (95% CI 0.96, 1.9), and that for drivers aged 55–64 years compared to 45–54 year olds was 1.1 (95% CI 0.83, 1.3).ConclusionsOlder male professional drivers of heavy goods vehicles have lower risk of crashes in rigid vehicles, possibly due to accrued driving experience and self-selection of healthy individuals remaining in the workforce. Thus, encouraging these drivers to remain in the workforce is appropriate in the climate of labour shortages, as this study provides evidence that to do so would not endanger road safety.