汽车碰撞试验中模拟和数字滤波器的实现

滤波是数据采集和处理的一种常用技术手段，本文就汽车碰撞试验中有关滤波的问题进行探讨，用冲激响应不变法实现了满足通道频率特性要求的实用算法，为了消除相位误差采用正反向二次滤波的方法，但它会引起幅频特性改变，并对此提出了修正的方法。     

基于时空交互模型的高速公路季节事故频次影响因素分析

为了深入了解影响高速公路事故频次的显著因素,采集2014年广东省开阳高速公路的事故、道路、交通和气象数据,以曲率和坡度同质性为原则将整条公路划分为154条路段,采用时空交互模型拟合路段季节事故数和道路设计参数、交通特征、气象因素间的内在关系。该模型不仅解释了相邻路段间的空间效应和相邻季节间的时间效应,而且还考虑了时空效应间的相互作用,有助于提高模型的拟合预测性能、减少参数估计偏倚。基于贝叶斯推断的模型估计和评价结果显示：事故数据中存在显著的时空关联和交互效应;时空交互模型比传统层级泊松模型的拟合优度更高;路段长度与事故频次线性相关,而交通量则与事故频次间存在非线性关系;高速公路交通安全性随着中、大型客、货车（三类车）比例的增加而显著提高;路段曲率、坡度越大,交通事故风险越高;风速越高、降水量越多的季节,事故频次将显著上升。研究结果可为高速公路交通安全改善方案的制定提供理论依据。     

船用汽轮给水泵断轴事故及立式直联机组对中方法分析

以曾发生断轴事故的船用立式直联汽轮给水泵组为例,通过分析该汽轮给水泵组在船用环境条件下轴系可能的就位状态与普通卧式机组的不同之处,指出了船用立式直联机组对中时所应着重注意的地方及其不同的方法.     

基于动力显式有限元法的保险杠正碰数值仿真研究

阐述了汽车保险杠正碰数值仿真有限元模型的建立方法和动力显式有限元算法,并运用动力显式算法对保险杠的正碰进行了仿真,通过对不同厚度的保险杠吸能速率的研究,提出了保险杠的合理厚度范围。     

Characteristics of new-type energy absorber for vehicle collision

A new type energy absorber was introduced, which is composed of thousands of thin ring plates with different diameters. Because it can switch the impact to thousands of shearing actions among thin ring plates inside the absorber, the impact energy is decentralized and dissipated gradually, the impact acting time is extended and the peak of acceleration is reduced obviously. Numerical simulations by finite element method (FEM) coupled with smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method were preformed to predict the energy absorption characteristics. Energy absorption ability with different impact velocities was studied and the effects of thickness and material of ring plates were discussed. The sled crash test was carried out to validate the result of simulations. The new type absorber is effective for collision that impact velocity is lower than 40 km/h.     

高速公路平面线形与安全关系的探讨

建立线形指标、交通量与事故间的模型是当前事故规律微观研究的主要方法，虽然在模型中纳入更多的指标能够提高的解释能力，但增加了模型的复杂性，加剧了数据采集困难．简洁的模型有时候在分析特定类型事故时反而更具优势，因此，作者在研究高速公路线形条件与事故的关系时，主要提取了平面线形的圆曲线、缓和曲线和超高等指标，重点分析平面线形与安全的关系。作者首先对国内外有关平面线形与安全关系的研究进行了简要回顾，利用贵州省贵黄、贵新两务高速公路的事故、线形、交通量数据建立了回归模型。此外，还结合具体案例，对曲线超高对行车安全的影响进行了剖析，并提出了一些针对平面线形安全问题的具体措施和建议。     

Development and validation of side-impact crash and sled testing finite-element models

Side-impact collisions are the second leading cause of death and injury in the traffic accidents after frontal crashes. Side-impact airbags, side door bars and other protection techniques have been developed to provide occupant protection. To confirm the effectiveness of protection equipment installed in vehicles, studying the degree of impact is fundamental to understand the effect of automobile collisions on the human body. Therefore, the dynamic response of the human body to traffic accidents should be analyzed to reduce the level of occupant injuries. Generally, the experimental method is complex and expensive. Recently, numerical crash simulations have provided a valuable tool for automotive engineers. This work presents full-scale and sled side-impact test finite-element (FE) models - based on the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 214 - that simulate a side-impact accident. The crash simulations utilized the LS-DYNA finite-element code. The human body's dynamic response to crashes is discussed herein. Additionally, occupant injuries were measured. To verify the accuracy of the proposed crash test and sled test FE models, simulation results are compared with those obtained from experimental tests. The comparison results indicate that the proposed crash test and sled test FE models have considerable potential for assessing a vehicle's crash safety performance and assisting future development of safety technologies.     

论虚工作是单双代号网络图的实质性区别

单代号网络图与双代号网络图区别的主要形式是其符号含义的互换。由于符号含义互换带来它们之间某些时间参数计算和关键线路确定的方法不同,但是这些不同都是当双代号网络图存在虚工作时引起的。所以单双代号网络图除符号含义不同之外,其时间参数计算的实质区别取决于双代号网络图中有无虚工作。针对网络计划一实例分析了虚工作造成的实质性区别,说明了这种实质性的区别在网络计划应用中的重要性。     

Accidents involving pedestrians with their backs to traffic or facing traffic: an evaluation of crash characteristics and injuries

This paper examines pedestrian anatomical injuries and crash characteristics in back‐to‐traffic and facing‐traffic crashes. Pedestrian crashes involving pedestrians walking along streets (i.e. with their backs to traffic or facing traffic) have been overlooked in literature. Although this is not the most frequent type of crash, the crash consequence to pedestrians is a safety concern. Combining Taiwan A1A2 police‐reported accident data and data from the National Health Insurance Database from years 2003–2013, this paper examines anatomical injuries and crash characteristics in back‐to‐traffic and facing‐traffic crashes. There were a total of 830 and 2267 pedestrian casualties in back‐to‐traffic and facing‐traffic crashes respectively. The injuries sustained by pedestrians and crash characteristics of these two crash types were compared with those of other crossing types of crashes (nearside crash, nearside dart‐out crash, offside crash, and offside dart‐out crash). Odds of various injuries to body regions were estimated using logistic regressions. Key findings include that the percentage of fatalities in back‐to‐traffic crashes is the highest; logistic models reveal that pedestrians in back‐to‐traffic crashes sustained more head, neck, and spinal injuries than did pedestrians in other crash types, and unlit darkness and non‐built‐up roadways were associated with an increased risk of pedestrian head injuries. Several crash features (e.g. unlit darkness, overtaking manoeuvres, phone use by pedestrians and drivers, and intoxicated drivers) are more frequently evident in back‐to‐traffic crashes than in other types of crashes. The current research suggests that in terms of crash consequence, facing traffic is safer than back to traffic. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

四路信号控制交叉口交通事故预测模型研究

通过对北京郊区四路信号控制交叉口进行实地调查,在获取事故数据及道路几何要素、环境要素、交通流要素等大量数据的基础上,利用相关性分析寻找出与交通事故相关性显著的影响因素,并采用AIC原则分析法确定模型形式,分别建立了四路信号控制交叉口死亡人数、受伤人数、事故次数预测模型。模型的建立有助于对交叉口进行安全分析诊断及预测交叉口的交通事故发生规律。