客车骨架碰撞有限元建模技术分析

研究了客车骨架碰撞有限元建模技术,介绍了碰撞有限元计算模型的整体建模方法及特点,分析了模型中单元尺寸、网格密度分布、计算时间步长以及接触与摩擦等各因素对模型计算精度、计算时间以及计算规模的影响。     

人-车碰撞时行人头部撞击特点及其试验评价方法研究

通过对行人交通事故数据的统计分析,说明了人-车事故中行人头部损伤防护的重要性。介绍了EEVC法规提出的头部模块碰撞试验评价方法,并指出了其对平头微型车无法进行评价。通过建立行人与轿车及平头微型车的碰撞仿真模型,分析了该两种车型在与行人碰撞时的运动特性差异,得到了行人与平头微型车碰撞时的头部撞击特点。根据行人头部碰撞安全性评价需要．提出了结合事故统计分析及计算机仿真分析的行人头部安全性评价方法。     

Effectiveness of red light cameras on the right‐angle crash involvement of motorcycles

Red light cameras (RLCs) have been used to reduce right‐angle collisions at signalized intersections. However, the effect of RLCs on motorcycle crashes has not been well investigated. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of RLCs on motorcycle safety in Singapore. This is done by comparing their exposure, proneness of at‐fault right‐angle crashes as well as the resulting right‐angle collisions at RLC with those at non‐RLC sites. Estimating the crash vulnerability from not‐at‐fault crash involvements, the study shows that with a RLC, the relative crash vulnerability (RCV) or crash‐involved exposure of motorcycles at right‐angle crashes is reduced. Furthermore, field investigation of motorcycle maneuvers reveal that at non‐RLC arms, motorcyclists usually queue beyond the stop line, facilitating an earlier discharge, and hence become more exposed to the conflicting stream. However at arms with a RLC, motorcyclists are more restrained to avoid activating the RLC and hence become less exposed to conflicting traffic during the initial period of the green. The study also shows that in right‐angle collisions, the proneness of at‐fault crashes of motorcycles is lowest among all vehicle types. Hence motorcycles are more likely to be victims than the responsible parties in right‐angle crashes. RLCs have also been found to be very effective in reducing at‐fault crash involvements of other vehicle types which may implicate exposed motorcycles in the conflicting stream. Taking all these into account, the presence of RLCs should significantly reduce the vulnerability of motorcycles at signalized intersections. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modeling traffic crash rates of road segments through a lognormal hurdle framework with flexible scale parameter

This study examines distributional characteristics of crash rates for road segments using observed accident data. The results indicate that the distribution of crash rates is mixed and right‐skewed, which motivates the consideration of non‐normal distributions. With the aid of Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests, kernel density plots, and Q–Q plots, the lognormal distribution is verified as an appropriate candidate for representing the positive domain of crash rates. Then, a lognormal hurdle model was developed and also compared with gamma and Weibull hurdle models. Further, the lognormal hurdle model was revised by allowing the scale parameter to vary with respect to explanatory variables. Such a modification enables the heterogeneous skewness of samples to be captured while enhancing the modeling flexibility. The proposed model was also compared with a Tobit model, an alternative approach that treats crash rates as censored data. Among all these models, the proposed lognormal hurdle model with flexible scale parameter presents the best modeling performance, and the analyses also reveal that several explanatory variables affect crash rates through not only the location parameter but also the scale parameter in the lognormal model. This study finally attempted to inspect crash rates through count models, and it discovered that the proposed hurdle model is superior because it is able to output the whole distribution form of crash rates, whereas the crash count model can only provide the expected value of crash rates, provided the exposure variable servers as an offset term in the link function of the mean parameter. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高速公路合理限速对策研究

车速与其离散性和事故数、事故严重度以及交通拥挤性密切相关。合理的速度限制可以降低交通事故数和事故严重度,提高道路的运输效率。基于对高速公路运营阶段交通流量的构成及增长分析,提出新建高速公路和非新建高速公路应采取的不同限速策略,并分别给出合理的车速限制建议值,有利于制定合理的高速公路限速对策。     

汽车正面碰撞后排小体位假人伤害研究及优化

提出了一种相应的伤害优化方案,基于 C-NACP正面碰撞工况搭建碰撞分析模型,同时通过与正面 100% 重叠刚性壁障碰撞试验的 Hybrid Ⅱ 5th女性假人试验数据进行对比来验证模型的可靠性。基于对标结果进行优化设计,对比分析不同优化方案对乘员安全性的影响趋势。确定优化方案,即增加碰撞锁止锁舌、线性预紧器配置,增加座椅刚度,调整安全带限力值。与原始方案相比,在碰撞过程中后排女性假人总体得分提升84%。根据C-NCAP星级评定规程,此后排女性假人得分高于94%,成绩优秀,验证了方案的有效性,可为后排小体位假人伤害的优化研究提供参考。     

A multiple correspondence analysis of at‐fault motorcycle‐involved crashes in Alabama

According to the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, in 2012, more than 4950 motorcyclists were killed in traffic accidents. Compared to passenger car occupants, mile for mile, motorcyclists are more than 26 times more at risk to dying in crashes. Due to the high fatality rate associated with motorcycle crashes, factors contributing to this type of crash must be identified in order to implement effective safety countermeasures. Given that the available datasets are large and complex, identifying the key factors contributing to crashes is a challenging task. Using multiple correspondence analysis, as an exploratory data analysis technique to determine the dataset structure, we identified the roadway/environmental, motorcycle, and motorcyclist‐related variables influencing at‐fault motorcycle‐involved crashes. This study used the latest available dataset (2009 to 2013) from the Critical Analysis Reporting Environment database to study motorcycle crashes in the state of Alabama. The most significant contributors to the frequency and severity of at‐fault motorcycle‐involved crashes were found to be light conditions, time of day, driver condition, and weather conditions. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

新德里RMGL项目车体耐碰撞性能研究

在AW3工况下,利用有限元模拟软件HyperMesh和Ls-Dyna对新德里RMGL项目车体进行被动安全性及耐撞性分析。以弹簧代替车钩建立一列车与另一列车的碰撞模型,运用瞬态非线性有限元碰撞仿真方法,分析两列车的碰撞过程,结果满足EN 15227中车辆的碰撞要求。     

缺口导向分级触发吸能结构研究

以轨道客车司机室端吸能结构为研究对象,提出一种基于缺口导向分级触发的吸能结构,并采用三维仿真分析方法对该吸能区结构进行优化分析。另外,对优化后的吸能区结构进行全尺寸冲击试验验证。试验结果表明,仿真分析在能量吸收、压溃行程和平台力方面的误差可保持在10%以内。     

铁路桥梁弹塑性护栏设计及 碰撞仿真研究

提出一种适用于高速铁路桥梁弹塑性护栏设计,由立柱、吸能块和横梁组成。以3个组成部分的壁厚为设计变量,以吸能量和最大峰值力为目标响应,通过数值仿真得到优化拉丁超立方试验设计的样本空间。基于最小二乘法构建关于目标响应的三阶多项式响应面模型,通过多目标遗传算法对弹塑性护栏各组成部分的壁厚进行优化设计。以多目标优化设计的"平衡解"为弹塑性护栏的壁厚尺寸,建立简化的列车-弹塑性护栏-桥梁有限元模型,通过仿真对比现有防护墙和弹塑性护栏对脱轨列车的防护性能。研究结果表明:弹塑性护栏可以降低列车的撞击力,同时可以吸收部分碰撞能量。