Motorway crash duration and its determinants: do durations vary across motorways?

Traffic congestion has been a growing issue in many metropolitan areas during recent years, which necessitates the identification of its key contributors and development of sustainable strategies to help decrease its adverse impacts on traffic networks. Road incidents generally and crashes specifically have been acknowledged as the cause of a large proportion of travel delays in urban areas and account for 25% to 60% of traffic congestion on motorways. Identifying the critical determinants of travel delays has been of significant importance to the incident management systems, which constantly collect and store the incident duration data. This study investigates the individual and simultaneous differential effects of the relevant determinants on motorway crash duration probabilities. In particular, it applies parametric Accelerated Failure Time (AFT) hazard‐based models to develop in‐depth insights into how the crash‐specific characteristic and the associated temporal and infrastructural determinants impact the duration. AFT models with both fixed and random parameters have been calibrated on one year of traffic crash records from two major Australian motorways in South East Queensland, and the differential effects of determinants on crash survival functions have been studied on these two motorways individually. A comprehensive spectrum of commonly used parametric fixed parameter AFT models, including generalized gamma and generalized F families, has been compared with random parameter AFT structures in terms of goodness of fit to the duration data, and as a result, the random parameter Weibull AFT model has been selected as the most appropriate model. Significant determinants of motorway crash duration included traffic diversion requirement, crash injury type, number and type of vehicles involved in a crash, day of week and time of day, towing support requirement and damage to the infrastructure. A major finding of this research is that the motorways under study are significantly different in terms of crash durations; such that motorway 1 exhibits durations that are on average 19% shorter compared with the durations on motorway 2. The differential effects of explanatory variables on crash durations are also different on the two motorways. The detailed presented analysis confirms that looking at the motorway network as a whole, neglecting the individual differences between roads, can lead to erroneous interpretations of duration and inefficient strategies for mitigating travel delays along a particular motorway.     

并联结构液压波形发生器的动态特性研究

基于液压节流耗能原理,提出一种并联结构的液压冲击波形发生器,其设计思想是采用缝隙和小孔节流产生的阻尼来吸收消耗高速运动负载的动能,并对其紧急制动以获得设定的加速度波形;通过对波形发生器各部件的运动和内部流体动态特性的分析,建立了波形器工作机理的数学模型,其数值仿真结果表明发生器的设计在原理上是可行的,可方便地通过调节节流口的等效直径来改变制动过程中冲击波形的脉宽和幅值,从而满足不同的冲击试验要求.     

脉冲转换排气系统三维非定常流动计算研究

对大功率8缸柴油机采用的脉冲转换排气系统进行了三维非定常流动计算,针对发动机实际排气管形状,计算物理模型采用多面体网格单元,排气管进口边界条件采用简化的用于一维性能计算的质量流量条件,湍流模型采用标准kε-模型。结合对排气管开启、关闭时刻点以及排气最大流量点的分析,探讨了脉冲转换排气系统的流动机理。     

基于遗传算法和可靠性分析的乘员约束系统优化

为提高乘员假人在CNCAP正面碰撞中的得分,在对某车的仿真模型进行试验验证基础上用遗传算法优化约束系统相关参数,优化目标是使假人头部、颈部和胸部的伤害值最小。然后根据可靠性的要求合理选择了参数的取值范围。     

汽车前部保险杠的耐撞性及结构优化方法

根据目前国产车保险杠耐撞性现状,结合江苏丹阳市车船装饰件有限公司的保险杠耐撞性项目,在LS-DYNA中对摆锤撞击保险杠进行了仿真分析。通过对保险杠的壁厚及其中部的两弧半径进行结构优化,提高了保险杠的耐撞能力,为日后保险杠的设计与开发提供了有价值的参考。     

摩托车事故特征分析

基于上海市嘉定区2006-2007年的81起摩托车事故数据,从事故次数、受伤人数、死亡人数、头盔佩戴情况等几个方面进行了统计分析;以事故形态分类,对事故后果进行了相应的伤害分析,从而为摩托车乘员与车辆碰撞机理和摩托车乘员保护措施的进一步研究提供了依据。     

磁浮列车明线交会横向振动分析

为了研究气动力对磁浮列车运行稳定性的影响,以上海磁浮列车为研究对象,采用动网格技术,通过求解三维可压缩非定常N—S方程对磁悬浮列车在相对速度860km／h交会时的气动力进行数值模拟;同时将车体、悬浮架作为弹性体,悬挂系统作为弹簧一阻尼单元,建立了详细的系统动力学模型,对考虑列车交会瞬态压力冲击作用下的高速磁浮列车进行了横向振动分析。计算结果表明,流场数值计算出的最大压力波幅值与实车试验结果两者差距小于6％;仅考虑轨道不平顺时,磁浮列车的横向振动较小,而在考虑磁浮列车高速运行时产生的交会压力波的情况下,车体却产生了较大的横向振动,底架最大横向加速度达1．5m／s^2,经过二系悬挂的缓冲作用后振动明显减小,悬浮架最大横向振动加速度约为0．7m／s^2。     

基于BPF 的分布系统数字仿真方法

西南交通大学　电气工程学院　成都　610031      

中压交流电机软启动技术问题探讨

针对中压大功率交流电机软启动器的工作特点,对装置主电路及保护参数、高压脉冲电源、脉冲触发方式及软启动软停机控制中的一些问题进行了分析讨论,提出合理实施意见。