Integrating transport and land-use planning? How steering cultures in local authorities affect implementation of integrated public transport and land-use planning

Previous research has shown integrated planning to be important for achieving aims concerning more environmentally friendly transport operations, but less good at explaining prerequisites of implementation. This paper analyses how management and working practises in local authorities, here understood as steering cultures, affect implementation of integrated land-use and public transport planning approaches. The analysis builds on case studies of planning in two Swedish municipalities. These have developed two antithetical steering cultures, namely one that can be described as deliberative and one that can be described as sectorised. The paper describes the advantages and disadvantages of these steering cultures. The findings show the deliberative model to facilitate integration through advanced mechanisms of consensus and co-ordination between policy-makers and officials. The sectorised model has no such mechanisms, but this need not result in poor prospects of integrated planning. It is important for integrated planning approaches, whatever the steering culture, to be in line with the institutionalised norms and objectives by which planning practices are governed. Integration therefore needs a normative component, so as to ensure implementation. The important normative component in this context can be construed as discourses and rationales concerning transport and the urban development of which public transport forms part.     

Planning transport for social inclusion: An accessibility-activity participation approach

Social equity is increasingly becoming an important objective in transport planning and project evaluation. This paper provides a framework and an empirical investigation in the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area (GTHA) examining the links between public transit accessibility and the risks of social exclusion, simply understood as the suppressed ability to conduct daily activities at normal levels. Specifically, we use a large-sample travel survey to present a new transport-geography concept termed participation deserts, neighbourhood-level clusters of lower than expected activity participation. We then use multivariate models to estimate where, and for whom, improvements in transit accessibility will effectively increase activity participation and reduce risks of transport-related social exclusion. Our results show that neighbourhoods with high concentrations of low-income and zero-car households located outside of major transit corridors are the most sensitive to having improvements in accessibility increase daily activity participation rates. We contend that transit investments providing better connections to these neighbourhoods would have the greatest benefit in terms of alleviating existing inequalities and reducing the risks of social exclusion. The ability for transport investments to liberate suppressed activity participation is not currently being predicted or valued in existing transport evaluation methodologies, but there is great potential in doing so in order to capture the social equity benefits associated with increasing transit accessibility.     

关于广西内河船员计算机考试的探讨

文章基于广西辖区船员计算机考试现状,从考场建设情况、考试管理规定以及船员素质特点等方面分析了广西内河船员计算机考试存在的问题,并提出了相应的对策和建议.     

An eigenmodel for iterative line planning,timetabling and vehicle scheduling in public transportation

Planning a public transportation system is a multi-objective problem which includes among others line planning, timetabling, and vehicle scheduling. For each of these planning stages, models are known and advanced solution techniques exist. Some of the models focus on costs, others on passengers’ convenience. Setting up a transportation system is usually done by optimizing each of these stages sequentially.In this paper we argue that instead of optimizing each single step further and further it would be more beneficial to consider the whole process in an integrated way. To this end, we develop and discuss a generic, bi-objective model for integrating line planning, timetabling, and vehicle scheduling. We furthermore propose an eigenmodel which we apply for these three planning stages and show how it can be used for the design of iterative algorithms as heuristics for the integrated problem. The convergence of the resulting iterative approaches is analyzed from a theoretical point of view. Moreover, we propose an agenda for further research in this field.     

《城市停车规划规范》要点解读

《城市停车规划规范》(GB/T 51149—2016)(以下简称《规范》)已于2017年2月1日起实施,对其编制的技术要点及主要条文内容进行解读,有助于更好地理解和执行《规范》。首先对《规范》编制的主要目的、意义和背景进行介绍。在统一对城市停车规划认识的基础上,明确城市停车规划应包含的内容。对城市停车位供给规模及比例构成等关键技术指标进行解释和说明,支持城市可持续发展的停车规划的制定。在提出通过多种途径增加停车位供给以缓解当前停车矛盾的同时,也考虑到为支持新能源汽车的发展在规划上预留空间。     

手机数据在交通调查和交通规划中的应用

手机作为一种理想的交通探测器,为居民出行信息分析提供了很好的技术选择。将手机数据映射至交通分析单元,并经信息预处理、匹配分析、交通模型分析处理、数据去噪、扩样等一系列海量数据运算处理,最终可获得居民出行特征数据。利用长期历史手机话单数据,可分析常住人口和就业人口分布、通勤出行特征、大区间OD、特定区域出行特征、流动人口出行特征等。手机信令数据能够较完整地识别手机用户的出行轨迹,可进一步应用于分析城市人口时空动态分布、特定区域客流集散、查核线断面或关键通道客流、轨道交通客流特征、出行时耗、出行距离、出行强度、道路交通状态等。根据天津手机话单数据应用案例及上海手机信令数据应用案例,验证了技术可行性。     

喀什经济开发区综合交通规划中交通需求预测

喀什地区位于中国的西大门，与5个国家接壤，有6个国家一类口岸对外开放，区域优势明显．对喀什经济开发区交通需求的科学研究是促进该研究区域交通运输事业规范而高速发展的关键．本文采取时间序列预测法、弹性系数法、综合评价法等方法，系统全面地对该区域交通需求预测进行了分析，为该区域综合交通规划与建设奠定了基础．     

人机协作系统中车辆轨迹规划与轨迹跟踪控制研究

自动驾驶系统需具备响应驾驶人意图且有效执行驾驶人意图的能力，以解决人机协作系统中存在的人机冲突、人机优势融合等问题。提出决策层“以人为主”、执行层“以机为首”的人机协作关系，构建包含驾驶人意图识别模块、基于意图识别的轨迹规划模块与轨迹跟踪控制模块的人机协作一体化控制系统框架，并重点对轨迹规划模块与轨迹跟踪控制模块开展研究。首先，结合双向长短期记忆神经网络（Bi-directional Long Short Term Memory，Bi-LSTM）与注意力机制模型建立换道轨迹规划模型；在改进人工势场算法中引入模型预测控制并建立避险轨迹规划模型。其次，通过开展驾驶模拟器试验建立换道与避险驾驶行为数据集，为拟人化模型训练和模型参数确定提供支撑。然后，综合考虑车辆状态变量、控制输入与输出以及道路结构参数等约束条件，构建基于最优转向前轮输入的线性时变模型预测轨迹跟踪控制器，实现对规划轨迹的精准跟踪。最后，基于驾驶模拟器搭建人机协作系统硬件在环测试平台，对轨迹规划模块与轨迹跟踪控制模块开展硬件在环测试与验证。结果表明：换道与避险规划轨迹光滑且平稳，轨迹跟踪控制过程中，车辆航向角与前轮转角变化平稳；所构建的轨迹规划与轨迹跟踪控制模块在确保安全性前提下可实现不同场景中的车辆运动控制需求。     

外海沉管浮运安装作业窗口管理及工艺计划研究

沉管出坞浮运安装是港珠澳大桥岛隧工程中的关键性工程,也是一个连续的、不间断的施工过程。为了降低施工风险,结合船机设备能力,提出作业窗口管理系统,针对每步施工工序提出针对性的作业限制条件,以此寻找最佳的作业时期。潮汐条件是作业窗口因素中的关键因素,根据潮汐预报数编制24~36 h连续的浮运安装工艺计划,选择在最优的水文气象条件下,按照作业窗口管理系统严格按照计划进行作业。经过33节沉管浮运安装的现场验证,浮运安装作业窗口管理系统满足项目要求,有效保障了浮运安装安全,有效降低了施工风险和成本。