基于驾驶实践的无人船智能避碰决策方法

[目的]为实现沿海无人驾驶船舶自主航行,充分考虑无人驾驶船舶智能避碰决策的合理性和实时性后,提出并建立一种基于驾驶实践的无人船智能避碰决策方法.[方法]首先,以本体论为基础,设计无人驾驶船舶航行态势本体概念模型,并结合《国际海上避碰规则》及良好的船艺将船舶航行态势量化划分为12种会遇场景;然后,从驾驶实践的角度改进影响...     

并购海外汽车企业所引起的文化碰撞

经济危机下我国开始了对国外汽车企业一系列的并购，并且并购风暴有愈演愈烈之势，并购是跨国企业增强自身实力、扩大企业市场份额和削弱竞争对手最直接的手段，但面对强大的欧美汽车企业，我国如何能成功地实现以弱并强，需要考虑的因素是方方面面的，其中首当其冲的就是两者之间的文化差异以及因此带来的文化碰撞。     

从因果关系谈碰撞间接损害的赔偿责任

通过对“因果关系”和“合理预见”两个条件的分析,探讨了船舶碰撞中间接损害的赔偿责任问题。     

On Impact mechanics in ship collisions

The purpose of this paper is to present analytical, closed-form expressions for the energy released for crushing and the impact impulse during ship collisions. Ship–ship collisions, ship collisions with rigid walls and ship collisions with flexible offshore structures are considered. The derived mathematical models include friction at the contact point so that situation where the collision results in a sliding motion is included. Results obtained by application of the present procedure are compared with results obtained by time simulations and good agreement has been achieved. In addition, a number of illustrative examples are presented. The procedure presented in the paper is well suited for inclusion in a probabilistic calculation model for damage of ship structures due to collisions.     

A causal encounter model of traffic collision avoidance system operations for safety assessment and advisory optimization in high-density airspace

The traffic collision avoidance system (TCAS) acts as a proverbially accepted last-resort means to resolve encounters effectively, while it also has been proven to potentially induce a collision in the hectic air traffic. Thus, new research considering the impact on safety is required to increase the airspace capacity based on a comprehensive analysis and accurate flight evaluation. In this paper, a causal encounter model is proposed to extend the TCAS logic considering the horizontal resolution manoeuvres, which could be used as the auxiliary supports when a potential collision is predicted in the vertical dimension. Based on the generated state space, the model developed in the graphical modelling and analysis software (GMAS), not only provides a better comprehension of the potential collision occurrences for risk assessment by representing the cause-effect relationship of each action, but also aids the pilots in the involved aircraft to make a cooperative and optimal option. Quantitative simulation results are conducted to validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the encounter model with horizontal resolution. The resulting collision scenarios are further investigated to illustrate that the risk rate of TCAS logic failures is expected to reduce by shortening the pilot's response delay, and the computational efficiency is competent in dealing with multi-threat scenarios.     

Design of bridges against ship collisions

The paper outlines a rational design procedure for bridge piers and pylons against ship collision impacts. Firstly, a set of risk acceptance criteria are proposed. This is followed by a mathematically based procedure for calculation of the probability of critical ship meeting situations near the bridge, and the probability of ship collision accidents caused by human errors as well as technical errors. This first part of the paper leads to identification of the largest striking ship, “design vessels”, a given bridge pier must withstand without structural failure in order for the bridge connection to fulfil the risk acceptance criteria. The final part of the paper is devoted to an analysis of the needed impact capacity for the bridge pylons and piers exposed to ship bow impact loads from these “design vessels”. For a number of different ship types and different tonnage merchant vessels, load – displacement relations for ship bow collisions against rigid walls are derived. Based on these comprehensive numerical results, a new empirical relation is derived which is suited for design against bow collisions. This expression for maximum bow collision forces is compared with a previously published expression for ice-strengthened ships and with existing standards for assessment of bow crushing forces. It is shown that there is need for an update of these existing standards. For design of piers and pylons against local impact pressure loads, a pressure - area relation for bulbous bow impacts is derived.     

Statistical Analysis of Ship Collisions with Bridges in China Waterway

Having carried out investigations on ship collision accidents with bridges in waterway in China, a database of ship collision with bridge (SCB) is developed in this paper. It includes detailed information about more than 200 accidents near ship' s waterways in the last four decades, in which ships collided with the bridges. Based on the information a statistical analysis is presented tentatively. The increase in frequency of ship collision with bridges appears, and the accident quantity of the barge system is more than that of single ship. The main reason of all the factors for ship collision with bridge is the human errors, which takes up 70%. The quantity of the accidents happened during flooding period shows over 3 - 6 times compared with the period from March to June in a year. The probability follows the normal distribution according to statistical analysis. Visibility, span between piers also have an effect on the frequency of the accidents.     

试论《中华人民共和国内河避碰规则》的局限性

在充分肯定了《内河避碰规则》的主体框架的基础上,针对目前反映比较突出的一些问题做了细致的分析,例如一些条款不够全面;有些条款用词陈旧,不够准确;对操限船、限于吃水船及失控船的概念没有提及;将内河的主要运输船型——拖带或顶推船没有纳入操限船的范畴等,对当前内河的航行安全产生了不利影响。针对这些问题,分别提出了新的建议。     

单车道行人激进过街冲突和碰撞事故机理分析

利用交通冲突技术,研究了单车道行人激进过街时与机动车之间的碰撞事故机理;以此为基础建立了单车道人-车冲突和碰撞事故概率模型。然后采用贝叶斯全概率公式求出具体的概率值。计算结果表明行人激进过街方式交通违规行为是人-车冲突和事故的主要原因之一;车流量、瞬时车速、驾驶员反应时间也是事故发生的重要因素。这些研究成果将不仅为交叉口和路段行人交通安全管制措施的合理实施提供依据,也为预防人-车事故发生的车载智能交通系统开发和行人过街安全仿真模拟提供了解决思路。     

船舶碰撞损伤风险分析方法及应用

提出一套基于概率分析和损伤机理的船舶碰撞损伤风险分析方法,该方法采用船舶碰撞外部动力学三维解析方法、内部动力学简化解析方法以及Monte Carlo模拟。通过分析船舶发生碰撞的概率因素,分析某艘船舶发生碰撞并且产生结构损伤的概率;通过与规范衡准进行比较,判断船体结构设计的耐撞性能。以某型大型油轮为例,利用所提出的方法进行耐撞性计算,结果表明该方法可以为基于风险分析的船舶耐撞性设计方法提供技术支持。