公路建设中应注重排水系统的完善

在公路工程设计、施工和养护工作中,要注重排水系统的完善,指出了不完善的排水系统造成公路水毁并降低公路使用质量的原因,提出公路综合治理排水的措施和建议。     

近代职业教育的兴起缘由、体系构成和管理演进——我国现代职业教育体系建设的历史经纬与演进路径(一)

本文分析了职业教育形成的社会基础、中国古代职业教育的基本形态,重点分析了近代职业教育的兴起的多重因素、发展阶段、职业学校的体系构成、管理框架的演进轨迹,近代职业教育思想的历史特点与时代价值。     

A differential evolution approach for the vehicle routing problem with backhauls and time windows

This paper presents a differential evolution algorithm (DEA) to solve a vehicle routing problem with backhauls and time windows (VRPBTW) and applied for a catering firm. VRPBTW is an extension of the vehicle routing problem, which includes capacity and time window constraints. In this problem, customers are divided into two subsets: linehaul and backhaul. Each vehicle starts from a depot and goods are delivered from the depot to the linehaul customers. Goods are subsequently brought back to the depot from the backhaul customers. The objective is to minimize the total distance that satisfies all of the constraints. The problem is formulated using mixed integer programming and solved using DEA. Proposed algorithm is tested with several benchmark problems to demonstrate effectiveness and efficiency of the algorithm and results show that our proposed algorithm can find superior solutions for most of the problems in comparison with the best known solutions. Hence, DEA was carried out for catering firm to minimize total transportation costs. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

城市道路路面养护措施探讨

现今国内大部分城市道路均存在不同程度的路面损坏情况，缩短了道路的使用时间。目前，不少城市已针对城市道路的现状进行相应的养护，并取得良好的效果，促进了城市的发展。     

Simultaneous modeling of individuals’ duration and expenditure decisions in out-of-home leisure activities

In this paper, we propose an activity model under time and budget constraints to simultaneously predict the allocation of time and money to out-of-home leisure activities. The proposed framework considers the activity episode level, given that the activity is scheduled. Thus, the model considers the decision of the quantities for duration and expenditure spent during the activity. We use a flexible utility function and show how the simultaneous equations can be estimated by using structural equations model (SEM) estimation techniques to handle the endogeneity problem of time and expenditure. The estimation results are based on a large national leisure diary data set collected in 2008 in the Netherlands, which provides detailed information about time and money spent as well as timing and location attributes of the activities. The analysis reveals that socio-demographics, travel party, timing and location variables influence the duration and expenditure of activity episodes. It shows that various socio-demographic groups display different preferences in terms of the time and money spent on activities. The results also indicate substitution relationships between spending more time and money for various activity categories. Thus it is concluded that the analysis provides useful results for a better understanding of combined time and money allocation decisions for leisure activities.     

Establishment of Model for Tire Steady State Cornering Properties using Experimental Modal Parameters

Modeling of tire cornering properties using experimental modal parameters is studied. With tire lateral experimental modal parameters, the distribution of side force and lateral deformation under total adhesive and sliding conditions are obtained. Side force, self-aligning, cornering stiffness and relaxation length under different loads and friction coefficients are also calculated. The calculated results are in correspondence to experimental results in the references qualitatively. The non-dimensional side force obtained from the calculated results is compared with the Fiala model, its modified expression by experiments and also the widely used empirical Magic Formula model. The calculated results tally well with the fitted results obtained using Magic Formula model. It can be seen that the tire steady state cornering model using experimental modal parameters proposed in this paper is better for an in-depth study of tire natural characteristics, and the labored experimental work can be avoided.     

抛石基床局部遭水冲破坏的诊断与加固

抛石基床发生局部破坏的工程实例较多,对出现该类问题的应对措施和相关加固技术的研究是迫切的。文中总结了大马力拖轮在靠离泊作业中造成使用期间重力式码头抛石基床局部被冲坏等主要原因,对抛石基床局部破坏问题的检测、诊断和安全性评估技术进行了探讨,并对各种抛石基床的加固方法加固效果进行了概括,最后提出了对码头管理单位在码头使用和维护的建议。     

公路路基的水毁预防控制措施分析

公路路基的水毁实际上就是指公路沿线的相关工程设施因为受到水的作用而遭受到一定程度损坏的现象。实际上,对于公路路基来说,水是天敌,也就是说水对于路基的摧毁作用是最为致命的。但是水毁现象在全国各地都是一种非常常见的自然灾害。尤其是在一些山区,水毁基本上每年都会造成大量道路的损坏甚至是摧毁,轻者则是影响到正常的交通,严重的甚至会导致桥梁冲毁或者是交通的完全中断。总之,其后果,以及其导致的损失都是非常之严重的。正是因为这样,该文对公路水毁的成因和预防措施予以论述,可供同行参考。     

疲劳裂纹扩展模型中表征裂纹闭合水平参数的确定

借助7075-T 6铝合金、6013铝合金以及0.45w t%碳钢的疲劳试验数据,结合上述材料的力学性能参数,通过非线性最小平方拟合方法,研究了表征裂纹闭合水平参数k对疲劳裂纹扩展率的影响。研究结果表明,对于宏观裂纹范围内的疲劳裂纹扩展,参数k只要大于某个值就对疲劳裂纹扩展率无影响;而对于小裂纹阶段的疲劳裂纹扩展,参数k对疲劳裂纹扩展率的影响较明显,因此参数k的大小主要取决于小裂纹扩展数据。依据0.45w t%碳钢疲劳试验数据,相应参数k的建议值为6 000m-1。     

破损结构地震反应简化分析法的单自由度破损模型研究

MSP(Multi-step pushover method)法是一种弹塑性推覆方法,可以评估破损状态的建筑结构的地震反应。它以地震反应谱作为输入,根据结构的动力特性分配荷载,逐步推覆,得到破损结构的最大地震反应,简便实用。作者针对MSP法中破损模型的选择和改善问题进行了专门研究和探讨。通过与非线性时程法进行对比,首次提出适用于单自由度体系的破损模型。实例计算表明,本文提出的模型可用,分析误差小,有助于MSP法进一步完善。