Thermal design of automobile exhaust based thermoelectric generators: Objectives and challenges

The potential for thermoelectric power generation (via waste heat recovery onboard automobiles) to displace alternators and/or provide additional charging to a vehicle battery pack has increased with recent advances in thermoelectric material processing. In gasoline fueled vehicles (GFVs), about 40% of fuel energy is wasted in exhaust heat, while a smaller amount of energy (30%) is ejected through the engine coolant. Therefore, exhaust-based thermoelectric generators (ETEG) have been a focus for GFV applications since the late 1980s. The conversion efficiency of modern thermoelectric materials has increased more than three-fold in the last two decades; however, disputes as to the thermal design of ETEG systems has kept their overall efficiency at limited and insufficient values. There are many challenges in the thermal design of ETEG systems, such as increasing the efficiency of the heat exchangers (hot box and cold plate), maintaining a sufficient temperature difference across the thermoelectric modules during different operating conditions, and reducing thermal losses through the system as a whole. This paper focuses on a review of the main aspects of thermal design of ETEG systems through various investigations performed over the past twenty years. This paper is organized as follows: first, the construction of a typical ETEG is described. The heat balance and efficiency of ETEG are then discussed. Then, the third section of this paper emphasizes the main objectives and challenges for designing efficient ETEG systems. Finally, a review of ETEG research activities over the last twenty years is presented to focus on methods used by the research community to address such challenges.     

基于有机朗肯循环的车用柴油机排气余热回收系统性能分析

利用设计的有机朗肯循环系统回收某重型车用柴油机的排气能量,通过台架试验,获得了变工况下柴油机排气余热能分布特性。分析了有机工质蒸发压力、过热度以及柴油机工况变化对有机朗肯循环系统性能的影响,以系统净输出功率和热效率为优化目标,确定了适用于有机朗肯循环系统的最佳蒸发压力。研究结果表明,当有机工质蒸发压力为1.8 MPa时,有机朗肯循环系统的净输出功率最大可以达到12.69kW,热效率可以达到11.19%;将有机工质加热至过热状态并不能明显提高有机朗肯循环系统的净输出功率。     

功率回收方式在大流量油泵、油马达试验系统中的应用

试验分析两种功率回收方式在大流量油泵、油马达系统中的应用,阐述两种功率回收系统的原理,计算两种试验系统的设备动力系数,分析了功率回收试验系统的应用前景。     

探地雷达技术在岩溶地质勘探中的应用

以新建田德线初勘探地雷达实测结果为依据,分别从探测原理、技术方法、成果分析这几个方面,探讨了在岩溶异常发育地区,如何发挥探地雷达的工程物探技术的作用。运用探地雷达技术,探查并圈定了溶蚀破碎、溶洞、溶沟、溶槽等岩溶地质异常范围。     

Preloading of independent leg units at locations with difficult seabed conditions

This paper, based on analyses of case histories, reviews soil conditions causing sudden uncontrolled leg penetrations, together with site data needed to plan safe installations of jack-up drilling units. Punch-through-like failure in uniform clay profile is analysed. Preloading procedures aimed at minimizing potential damage to the unit are suggested and discussed.     

低同步串级调速系统转差功率反馈方式的研究

绕线式异步电机转差功率反馈到电网进行调速的方法已在许多工业部门得到广泛应用,但由于调速过程中转子电势将低于电网电压,因而这种调速方式需要在电网与逆变器之间接入一个升压变压器。本文提出了一种省去升压变压器和直接将转差功率反馈到定子绕组的新的串级调速方法。文中对定子绕组反馈点的选择、等效电路数模及主要参数作了分析,并在一台改制的绕线式异步电机上作了试验,结果表明这种调速方法除经济简便外,仍具有优良的调速性能。     

青海省道路气候区划研究

依据气候要素对道路工程建设的影响,根据全省气温、冻土以及潮湿系数的分布状况,结合青海省地形地貌特点,参照交通部部标准《公路自然区划标准》（JTJ003-86）,对青海省公路自然气候作了一、二级区划。一级区划将全省分为多年冻土区和季节冻土区,二级区划全省可分为11类气候类型区域。     

厦漳大桥23#过渡墩钢套箱龙骨回收施工技术

该文介绍了厦漳大桥南汊主桥23#过渡墩钢吊箱龙骨回收的施工方法。着重阐述了采用此方法的结构设计,以及注意事项等。     

瘫船恢复程序设计

海船从瘫痪状态恢复到主推进正常工作状态,必须在30分钟内完成,这是考核海船机械设施的配置及性能的一个重要指标.文章结合具体船舶,对主推进系统的气起动和电起动两种起动方式的瘫船恢复,作了较为详细的设计计算.     

地铁网络服务韧性评估与最优恢复策略

针对已有基于拓扑效率的地铁网络韧性指标无法反映地铁运营实际的不足，构建考虑线 路流量影响的路网服务效率指标和基于服务效率的路网服务韧性指标，以及基于路网服务效率 的节点重要度指标；提出以路网服务韧性最大化为目标的优化模型，并基于遗传算法求解模型获 得最优恢复策略。算例结果表明：分别以服务效率和拓扑效率作为路网性能指标，获得的失效节 点恢复次序明显不同；蓄意攻击下，最优恢复策略获得的路网服务韧性分别比基于重要度的优先 恢复策略、基于节点度的优先恢复策略和随机恢复策略高16.76%、72.11%和86.21%。上述结果 表明，必须根据地铁运营实际合理选择路网性能指标和恢复策略，否则可能得到次优甚至明显偏 离实际的方案，无法实现预期目标。