Towards data-driven car-following models

Car following models have been studied with many diverse approaches for decades. Nowadays, technological advances have significantly improved our traffic data collection capabilities. Conventional car following models rely on mathematical formulas and are derived from traffic flow theory; a property that often makes them more restrictive. On the other hand, data-driven approaches are more flexible and allow the incorporation of additional information to the model; however, they may not provide as much insight into traffic flow theory as the traditional models. In this research, an innovative methodological framework based on a data-driven approach is proposed for the estimation of car-following models, suitable for incorporation into microscopic traffic simulation models. An existing technique, i.e. locally weighted regression (loess), is defined through an optimization problem and is employed in a novel way. The proposed methodology is demonstrated using data collected from a sequence of instrumented vehicles in Naples, Italy. Gipps’ model, one of the most extensively used car-following models, is calibrated against the same data and used as a reference benchmark. Optimization issues are raised in both cases. The obtained results suggest that data-driven car-following models could be a promising research direction.     

Analysis of air traffic control operational impact on aircraft vertical profiles supported by machine learning

The Air Traffic Management system is under a paradigm shift led by NextGen and SESAR. The new trajectory-based Concept of Operations is supported by performance-based trajectory predictors as major enablers. Currently, the performance of ground-based trajectory predictors is affected by diverse factors such as weather, lack of integration of operational information or aircraft performance uncertainty.Trajectory predictors could be enhanced by learning from historical data. Nowadays, data from the Air Traffic Management system may be exploited to understand to what extent Air Traffic Control actions impact on the vertical profile of flight trajectories.This paper analyses the impact of diverse operational factors on the vertical profile of flight trajectories. Firstly, Multilevel Linear Models are adopted to conduct a prior identification of these factors. Then, the information is exploited by trajectory predictors, where two types are used: point-mass trajectory predictors enhanced by learning the thrust law depending on those factors; and trajectory predictors based on Artificial Neural Networks.Air Traffic Control vertical operational procedures do not constitute a main factor impacting on the vertical profile of flight trajectories, once the top of descent is established. Additionally, airspace flows and the flight level at the trajectory top of descent are relevant features to be considered when learning from historical data, enhancing the overall performance of the trajectory predictors for the descent phase.     

数据驱动跟驰模型综述

车辆跟驰模型是被交通科学与交通工程领域广泛认可的微观交通流模型，是交通流理论 的基础。近年来，信息感知与获取、大数据、人工智能等技术快速发展，推动了数据驱动跟驰模型 的快速发展。数据驱动跟驰模型，是以真实的车辆行驶数据为基础，利用数据科学与机器学习等 理论和方法，通过样本数据的训练、学习、迭代、进化，挖掘车辆跟驰行为的内在规律。本文系统 回顾了数据驱动跟驰模型在过去20余年的发展历程以及由神经网络和深度学习带动的两次研究 热潮，归纳了基于传统机器学习理论的跟驰模型、基于深度学习的跟驰模型、模型与数据混合驱 动的跟驰模型3类数据驱动跟驰模型，并分别介绍了其中的典型代表。分析数据源发现，尽管各 种高精度轨迹数据不断涌现，目前研究仍多使用美国于2006年发布的Next Generation Simulation (NGSIM)高精度车辆轨迹数据，模型的可移植性和泛化能力值得思考与研究。提出关于模型输 入、输出的3个问题：如何考虑更多驾驶行为变量，是否有必要考虑更多行为变量，现有输入、输出 是否可替换。在模型测试与验证方面，发现并讨论了目前测试不充分、对比不完整、缺少统一测 试集与测试标准等问题。最后，探讨了数据驱动跟驰模型原创性与成功的关键因素等问题。期 望通过本文的梳理，帮助研究者更好地了解数据驱动跟驰模型的过去与现状，促进相关研究的快 速发展。     

基于轻量化网络和注意力机制的智能车快速目标识别方法

为提高智能车在真实环境中的实时检测能力，改善复杂环境下检测效果不佳的问题，本文提出一种基于轻量化网络和注意力机制的智能车快速目标识别方法。首先，为了减少网络计算参数和提升目标识别算法的推理速度，提出利用GhostNet加速YOLOv4的特征提取；其次，为了提高复杂场景下对道路目标的识别精度，在GhostNet和特征金字塔部分添加结合软阈值化改进的注意力模块；最后，为了验证本文提出方法的有效性，选取Pascal VOC、KITTI公开数据集和自制城市道路数据集进行实验对比。与其他目标检测算法在精度和速度上进行比较，结果证明，本文方法在平均检测精度提升1.7%的情况下，模型参数量降低到原来的18.7%，检测速度提升了 66%，检测速度和精度均优于其他算法，可满足智能车的实时感知需求。     

多媒体网络环境下学生自主学习能力研究

在建构主义的指导下,研究发现多媒体及网络技术在教学过程中的广泛应用,既提高了学生的学习效率,又培养了学生的自主学习能力.在学习过程中,学生自己支配的时间增加,学习场所变得更加灵活,学习更富有自主性.同时,学习资源得到有机整合与充分利用.     

水手工艺课程部分项目互动教学探索与实践

介绍了互动教学模式的特点,探讨了互动教学的实施方法,指出互动教学有利于全面推进素质教育改革,培养高素质的专业人才.     

深水桩基础的挖孔灌注桩施工技术研究

简述了地形陡峭的河流中，施工深水桩基础可因地制宜采用钢护筒配合人工挖孔作业及浇筑桩基砼的施工技术。     

ONE PROBABLE MECHANISM OF THE LEARNING-MEMORY DAMAGE BY LEAD:THE CHANGES OF NOS IN HIPPOCAMPUS

Leadtoxicityremainsapublicproblemintheworld ,especiallyinthedevelopingcountries.Chronicleadexposurecancauseimpairmentofcog nitivefunctionandsignificantdelaysinbehavioraldevelopment.However ,themechanismsunderly ingtheseimpairmentshavenotbeendefined .Long term potentiation (LTP)isthoughttobeavalidmodeloflearningandmemoryatthelevelofthesynapse[1] .Recently ,nitricoxidesynthase (NOS)hasbeenshowntobeanimportantfactorforforma tionandlastingofLTP[2 ,3 ] .Theremightbesomerelationsamonglead ,LTP…     

神经网络内燃机排放模型学习样本的选定

研究神经网络理论用于内燃机排放预测模型时学习样本的选取方法，针对内燃机工况变化的特点，对传统的正交设计法进行了改进，提出并验证了用考虑因素边界变化的正交设计法选取样本的可行性。研究结果表明，模型的预测精度随着正交表位级的增加而提高，即使只有3位级的正交表设计样本，也能建立预测误差低于5．7％的内燃机稳态排放特性预测模型，具有试验工作量小、简便易行的特点。     

吴堡黄河桥深埋置基础施工关键技术

介绍了在不同的水文地质和施工条件下,太中银铁路控制性工程——吴堡黄河特大桥主3#、4#、5#、6#墩的基础施工,有效地将水电行业常用的高压旋喷防渗技术与桥梁传统施工技术相结合,成功地解决深埋置基础基坑支护和防渗等难题施工。