A new offline optimization approach for designing a fuel cell hybrid bus

In this study a hydrogen powered fuel cell hybrid bus is optimized in terms of the powertrain components and in terms of the energy management strategy. Firstly the vehicle is optimized aiming to minimize the cost of its powertrain components, in an official driving cycle. The optimization variables in powertrain component design are different models and sizes of fuel cells, of electric motors and controllers, and batteries. After the component design, an energy management strategy (EMS) optimization is performed in the official driving cycle and in two real measured driving cycles, aiming to minimize the fuel consumption. The EMS optimization is based on the control of the battery’s state-of-charge. The real driving cycles are representative of bus driving in urban routes within Lisbon and Oporto Portuguese cities. A real-coded genetic algorithm is developed to perform the optimization, and linked with the vehicle simulation software ADVISOR. The trade-off between cost increase and fuel consumption reduction is discussed in the lifetime of the designed bus and compared to a conventional diesel bus. Although the cost of the optimized hybrid powertrain (62,230 €) achieves 9 times the cost of a conventional diesel bus, the improved efficiency of such powertrain achieved 36% and 34% of lower energy consumption for the real driving cycles, OportoDC and LisbonDC, which can originate savings of around 0.43 €/km and 0.37 €/km respectively. The optimization methodology presented in this work, aside being an offline method, demonstrated great improvements in performance and energy consumption in real driving cycles, and can be a great advantage in the design of a hybrid vehicle.     

机动车辆危险因素分析及事故防范对策

随着经济的快速发展,机动车辆迅速增加,交通条件与交通流量之间的矛盾日益突出,机动车辆所引起的交通事故逐年增加,给人民生命财产造成巨大损失的同时也对社会带来负面影响。本文深入分析了机动车辆的危险因素及发生交通事故的主要原因,并提出相应的预防和控制措施。讨论了驾驶员心理素质的重要性和酒驾的危害性,提出驾照考试引入心理学测试、对酒驾等严重违章行为立法严惩等建议;提出对现有车道的改进方案以及所有机动车辆必须安装测距传感器的设想,并针对交通信号灯提出了改进措施。     

Electric vehicles: How much range is required for a day’s driving?

One full year of high-resolution driving data from 484 instrumented gasoline vehicles in the US is used to analyze daily driving patterns, and from those infer the range requirements of electric vehicles (EVs). We conservatively assume that EV drivers would not change their current gasoline-fueled driving patterns and that they would charge only once daily, typically at home overnight. Next, the market is segmented into those drivers for whom a limited-range vehicle would meet every day’s range need, and those who could meet their daily range need only if they make adaptations on some days. Adaptations, for example, could mean they have to either recharge during the day, borrow a liquid-fueled vehicle, or save some errands for the subsequent day. From this analysis, with the stated assumptions, we infer the potential market share for limited-range vehicles. For example, we find that 9% of the vehicles in the sample never exceeded 100 miles in one day, and 21% never exceeded 150 miles in one day. These drivers presumably could substitute a limited-range vehicle, like electric vehicles now on the market, for their current gasoline vehicle without any adaptation in their driving at all. For drivers who are willing to make adaptations on 2 days a year, the same 100 mile range EV would meet the needs of 17% of drivers, and if they are willing to adapt every other month (six times a year), it would work for 32% of drivers. Thus, it appears that even modest electric vehicles with today’s limited battery range, if marketed correctly to segments with appropriate driving behavior, comprise a large enough market for substantial vehicle sales. An additional analysis examines driving versus parking by time of day. On the average weekday at 5 pm, only 15% of the vehicles in the sample are on the road; at no time during the year are fewer than 75% of vehicles parked. Also, because the return trip home is widely spread in time, even if all cars plug in and begin charging immediately when they arrive home and park, the increased demand on the electric system is less problematic than prior analyses have suggested.     

大功率晶闸管开关驱动电路状态监测设计

利用晶闸管构建功率开关工作在温度湿度较恶劣的环境条件下,为了确保其可靠触发,论文提出根据晶闸管工作环境温度提供相应功率的触发信号,对影响绝缘性能的湿度因素进行监测预警。设计了晶闸管温度监测电路和驱动湿度监测电路,并根据获得的温度值对湿度进行了校准计算。为了改善驱动电路工作效率低和热损耗过大的问题,提出根据晶闸管的开关状态及时产生和拆除触发信号,设计晶闸管开关状态监测电路实现这一功能,提高了驱动电路工作效率。该文详细给出了以上监测电路的设计原理图和计算参数,工业环境实际应用表明设计具备工程化应用可行性。     

力矩电机在堆取料机行走驱动中的应用研究

港口大型机械设备的各种动作机构一般由电机加减速箱或液压系统驱动,转换环节多、故障点多、保养工作量大、能耗较高。力矩电机作为一种新型的驱动元件,具有＂零传动＂、高精度、高效率等优点。将力矩电机的优势引入到港口堆取料机行走机构中,可大大简化现有的驱动结构,减少点检、维护、保养工作量,提高设备完好率。     

CNG发动机缸内气流条件与双点点火对火焰传播特性及热效率的影响

提高CNG-DI发动机的指示热效率是适应低碳化要求的重要途径.采用CFD软件AVL FIRE,对2.0L柴油机改装的CNG-DI发动机燃烧过程和缸内流场特性进行了仿真分析.首先用CNG-DI光学发动机实验结果验证了计算模型的正确性.基于仿真模型分析了CNG燃料缸内直喷时不同燃烧室结构的湍流强度对火焰传播过程的影响,以及...     

酒后驾驶的研究现状与发展方向

从法治、危害机理、检测方法与判断标准、智能防范技术等方面分析酒后驾驶的研究现状,提出酒后驾驶研究的发展方向包括四个方面：一是以预防为核心的酒后驾驶法律制度研究;二是呼气测试的有效性研究;三是基于生理的检测技术研究;四是基于驾驶特性的智能预防技术研究,可为进一步开展酒后驾驶研究提供基础性资料。     

涉酒驾驶主体构成及其认知活动研究

涉酒驾驶已被世界卫生组织列为发生交通事故的首要原因。文中主要从年龄、驾龄,涉酒驾驶的行为取向,心理特征及对涉酒驾驶后果的认识程度等方面,通过对浙江省金华市区近千名机动车驾驶员调查,分析研究涉酒驾驶主体的构成及其认知活动的特征,指出年龄35岁以下、驾龄5年以下的机动车驾驶员为主要的涉酒驾驶主体,是重点防治与干预对象,并提出针对性的涉酒驾驶干预措施。     

城市出租车跟驰行为安全性分析

出租车在繁荣城市经济、方便居民生活等方面起到积极作用的同时也给城市交通带来一些负面影响.本文以出租车在城市道路上的跟驰行为为研究对象,分析其行为特点及安全性.实际调查数据显示,在相同的道路交通条件下,出租车跟驰间距普遍小于其他车辆.选取速度、距离为主要变量,建立跟驰安全约束条件.结合实例,分析出租车小间距跟驰行为的安全性.结果表明,出租车小间距跟驰明显降低其行驶安全性,增加了事故发生的机率.     

船舶操纵模拟器中船舶碰撞检测算法研究

在船舶操纵视景仿真中,碰撞检测是必不可少的一部分.为增强虚拟环境的真实性,需要实时进行碰撞检测.本文针对船舶操纵虚拟现实系统中本船与场景中其它对象之间的碰撞检测进行研究,提出了一种将包围盒检测法与相交测试法结合的算法,并采用限时思想对整个碰撞检测加以优化.