The dynamic study of locomotives under saturated adhesion

In order to study the dynamic behaviours of locomotives under saturated adhesion, the stability and characteristics of stick–slip vibration are analysed using the concepts of mean and dynamic slip rates. The longitudinal vibration phenomenon of the wheelset when stick–slip occurs is put forward and its formation mechanism is made clear innovatively. The stick–slip vibration is a dynamic process between the stick and the slip states. The decreasing of mean and dynamic slip rates is conducive to its stability, which depends on the W/R adhesion damping. The torsion vibration of the driving system and the longitudinal vibration of the wheelset are coupled through the longitudinal tangential force when the wheelset alternates between the stick and the slip states. The longitudinal oscillation frequencies of the wheelset are integral multiples of the natural frequency of torsion vibration of the driving system. A train dynamic model integrated with an electromechanical and a control system is established to simulate the stick–slip vibration phenomenon under saturated adhesion to verify the theoretical analysis. The results show that increases of the longitudinal axle guidance stiffness and the motor suspension stiffness are beneficial to the stick–slip vibration stability and the locomotive's traction ability. The optimised matching of the longitudinal axle guidance stiffness and the motor suspension stiffness are helpful to avoid longitudinal resonance when the stick–slip vibration occurs.     

Design of a feedback-feedforward steering controller for accurate path tracking and stability at the limits of handling

This paper presents a feedback-feedforward steering controller that simultaneously maintains vehicle stability at the limits of handling while minimising lateral path tracking deviation. The design begins by considering the performance of a baseline controller with a lookahead feedback scheme and a feedforward algorithm based on a nonlinear vehicle handling diagram. While this initial design exhibits desirable stability properties at the limits of handling, the steady-state path deviation increases significantly at highway speeds. Results from both linear and nonlinear analyses indicate that lateral path tracking deviations are minimised when vehicle sideslip is held tangent to the desired path at all times. Analytical results show that directly incorporating this sideslip tangency condition into the steering feedback dramatically improves lateral path tracking, but at the expense of poor closed-loop stability margins. However, incorporating the desired sideslip behaviour into the feedforward loop creates a robust steering controller capable of accurate path tracking and oversteer correction at the physical limits of tyre friction. Experimental data collected from an Audi TTS test vehicle driving at the handling limits on a full length race circuit demonstrates the improved performance of the final controller design.     

Policy challenges of increasing automation in driving

The convergence of information and communication technologies (ICT) with automotive technologies has already resulted in automation features in road vehicles and this trend is expected to continue in the future owing to consumer demand, dropping costs of components, and improved reliability. While the automation features that have taken place so far are mainly in the form of information and driver warning technologies (classified as level I pre-2010), future developments in the medium term (level II 2010–2025) are expected to exhibit connected cognitive vehicle features and encompass increasing degree of automation in the form of advanced driver assistance systems. Although autonomous vehicles have been developed for research purposes and are being tested in controlled driving missions, the autonomous driving case is only a long term (level III 2025 +) scenario. This paper contributes knowledge on technological forecasts regarding automation, policy challenges for each level of technology development and application context, and the essential instrument of cost-effectiveness for policy analysis which enables policy decisions on the automation systems to be assessed in a consistent and balanced manner. The cost of a system per vehicle is viewed against its effectiveness in meeting policy objectives of improving safety, efficiency, mobility, convenience and reducing environmental effects. Example applications are provided that illustrate the contribution of the methodology in providing information for supporting policy decisions. Given the uncertainties in system costs as well as effectiveness, the tool for assessing policies for future generation features probabilistic and utility-theoretic analysis capability. The policy issues defined and the assessment framework enable the resolution of policy challenges while allowing worthy innovative automation in driving to enhance future road transportation.     

行车荷载对软土路基沉降的影响机理分析

工程实践和理论研究表明,高速公路软基的工后沉降主要来自于路面施工后的瞬时沉降、未完成的主固结沉降和次固结沉降。根据软基处理工程中固结变形特性,对软土地基沉降量与荷载的关系进行详细探讨,给出高速公路工前和工后荷载对软基沉降的计算式,并着重分析软基沉降预估计算误差产生的原因,得出工后主固结沉降阶段的行车荷载对沉降影响较大的结论。     

职业技能鉴定工作的探索与实践

南通中远川崎船舶工程有限公司为建立一支高技能的人才队伍,从2005年开始开展职业技能鉴定工作,通过5年的探索和实践,从提高职业鉴定的认识、注重鉴定质量到严格控制鉴定流程,注重鉴定效果等方面入手,将职业技能鉴定与技能提升紧密结合在一起,迅捷高质的提升了员工的技能水平,拓宽了高技能人才队伍建设的思路。     

大型回转起重船技术特点与发展研究

阐述了大型全回转起重船主要应用范围和作业概况,分析了目前世界上大型全回转起重船的技术特点及发展趋势,可为我国海洋石油勘探开发新型、经济实用的海洋工程装备提供决策依据。     

超长冷弯钢板桩的沉桩理论分析与工程实践

为解决超长冷弯钢板桩沉桩困难、易扭曲变形等问题,在理论分析的基础上推导了自重作用下细长桩的最大稳定直立长度计算公式和桩体可承受的激振力公式,为超长钢板桩的施工工艺选择提供理论依据,并在某修船坞围堰工程冷弯钢板桩施工中得到验证。解决了冷弯钢板桩易变形扭曲沉桩困难等问题,提高了工作效率。     

滑坡失稳护岸的加固设计与施工控制措施

舟山中远船务1#位护岸滑坡后土体处于不稳定状态,为重建此护岸,除了设计方案加以考虑外,施工中通过对可能产生的各种不利影响因素进行分析,以护岸实时监测数据为依据,采取了各种减小对护岸稳定安全影响的有效控制措施,保障了施工期护岸的稳定性。     

船舶变频液压舵机控制策略研究

针对船舶变频液压舵机系统存在控制死区、响应速度慢、负载影响大等特点,采用解析法与实验法相结合,获得变频液压舵机系统数学模型;采用死区补偿电压解决变频电机转速稳态误差问题;采用Z-N控制参数整定方法,确定变频电机转速PID控制参数初值。建立舵机液压模拟加载系统,实现水动力负载、周期性海浪负载和随机冲击负载的模拟。提出舵角控制采用分段控制策略,小偏差采用模糊自适应PID控制,控制算法中引入舵机负载变化因素。结果表明:该控制策略能有效抑制负载引起的舵角扰动,提高系统动态特性和鲁棒性,实现舵角快速、稳定的控制。     

分心驾驶研究文献计量学分析

车辆自动化和信息娱乐系统的发展趋势使驾驶人分心成为日益突出的社会问题。为全面了解分心驾驶的研究进展，本文选取近 12 年关于分心驾驶的 2313 篇文章，利用文献计量工具VOSviewer和R-Bibliometrix系统梳理与分析分心驾驶的研究现状。首先，概述分心驾驶研究的总体情况，包括分心驾驶研究的国家分布、核心作者及核心期刊；其次，重点归纳分心驾驶领域的高影响力文献，并从“注意力机制”“分心驾驶风险与年轻驾驶人驾驶行为”“分心源”“分心驾驶检测”“自动驾驶下驾驶人的分心效应”这5个研究主题总结分心驾驶的研究热点；最后，构建分心驾驶的研究体系，并预测未来的发展趋势。研究认为：有必要加强研究分心的形成、消散和恢复机理；需扩展研究对象和场景，综合考虑车内和车外的分心源以及复合分心带来的风险；多源信息融合及考虑多类型分心可以进一步完善分心驾驶风险的研究；界定分心状态与等级划分，针对不同驾驶分心类型的识别应是未来分心驾驶检测研究的重点；自动驾驶场景下的分心行为及接管效能，以及混合交通流下的分心状态是值得关注的研究。基于机器视觉的分心检测和自动驾驶的接管效能将成为分心驾驶领域的研究前沿。