实现道路驾驶技能考试自动化的技术基础

实现驾驶人实际道路考试的自动化,需要采集驾驶人、考车及周边静态物体、动态物体的各种参数,仅使用传统的传感检测技术难以满足要求.载波相位实时动态差分(RTK)GPS定位技术、超声波动态测距技术和驾驶人视线方向视频检测技术是三种新的检测技术,可大大提高实际道路考试的自动化检测率,提高整个实际道路考试系统的自动化考试程度,且能保证考试要求的检测精度和实时性要求.     

跨丰沙铁路小曲线半径转体桥设计

北京地铁14号线跨丰沙铁路节点桥位于右线曲线半径为470 m的曲线上,桥梁主体结构为84+84 m的T构。桥梁转体跨度71+71 m,转体重量7 130 t,转体时球铰中心相对下盘中心向曲线内侧预设偏心1.152 m,转体角度33.46°,桥梁的转体半径和转体跨度在轨道交通转体桥梁的设计和施工领域均为国内首创。比选桥梁方案,从针对桥梁上部结构的非对称主体结构设计、下部结构预偏心设置、施工合拢段位置的选择、施工时对既有铁路线的防护等多方面进行论述和详细介绍。结果表明,通过上部结构非对称设计和转体结构预设偏心,有效地保证了小曲线半径大跨度桥梁转体施工时的平衡和稳定性,大大降低了施工风险。     

Measuring the environmental efficiency of the global aviation fleet

This research analyses the environmental footprint of the airline industry in an attempt to highlight potential paths for improvement. We develop a directional economic-environmental distance function (DEED) which accounts for the production of both desirable and undesirable output and the potential for constrained increases in input utilization. This research applies the modeling framework to analyze the potential to reduce noise and airborne pollutants emitted by aircraft–engine combinations given the current state of aeronautical technology. The global aircraft–engine market is viewed from the regulatory perspective in order to compare the single environmental and operational efficient frontier to that of the airline carriers, and environmental objectives. The results of DEED are then applied in order to substitute the fleets serving Schipol, Amsterdam and Arlanda, Stockholm airports in June 2010 with the benchmark aircraft. The results highlight the inefficiencies of the current airline fleets and that the IPCC values of externalities are a magnitude of TEN too low to encourage changes in the global fleet hence the need for government intervention.     

连续箱梁桥偏载系数三维有限元分析及工程应用

该文对利用三维实体单元建立连续箱梁全桥模型求取偏载系数进行了研究,并将实体单元结果,与薄壁杆扭转理论、修正偏压法、偏压法、经验系数法进行了对比分析。结合工程实例,进一步介绍了利用三维实体单元计算连续箱梁偏载系数的方法。     

公路纵面视距行车安全性分析

驾驶员应有足够的视距来判断运行车辆前方环境发生的变化,如交通状况、道路线形组合形式及沿线景观设计等,以便采取相应措施确保汽车安全行驶。文章从道路纵面竖曲线设计原理出发,讨论了汽车安全行驶的条件,推导出停车视距与竖曲线设计长度、变坡角的关系,同时结合某高速公路安全性评价,对事故多发路段提出了合理化建议。     

Distance and time in intermodal goods transport networks in Europe: A generic approach

This paper is about distance and time as factors of competitiveness of intermodal transport. It reviews the relevance of the factors, evaluates time models in practice, compares network distances and times in alternative bundling networks with geometrically varied layouts, and points out how these networks perform in terms of vehicle scale, frequency and door-to-door time. The analysis focuses on intermodal transport in Europe, especially intermodal rail transport, but is in search for generic conclusions. The paper does not incorporate the distance and time results in cost models, and draws conclusions for transport innovation, wherever this is possible without cost modelling. For instance, the feature vehicle scale, an important factor of transport costs, is analysed and discussed.Distance and time are important factors of competitiveness of intermodal transport. They generate (direct) vehicle costs and – via transport quality – indirect costs to the customers. Clearly direct costs/prices are the most important performance of the intermodal transport system. The relevance of quality performances is less clarified. Customers emphasise the importance of a good match between the transport and the logistic system. In this framework (time) reliability is valued high. Often transport time, arrival and departure times, and frequency have a lower priority. But such conclusions can hardy be generalised. The range of valuations reflects the heterogeneity of situations. Some lack of clarity is obviously due to overlapping definitions of different performance types.The following parts of the paper are about two central fields of network design, which have a large impact on transport costs and quality, namely the design of vehicle roundtrips (and acceleration of transport speed) and the choice of bundling type: do vehicles provide direct services or run in what we call complex bundling networks? An example is the hub-and-spoke network. The objective of complex bundling is to increase vehicle scale and/or transport frequency even if network volumes are restricted. Complex bundling requires intermediate nodes for the exchange of load units. Examples of complex bundling networks are the hub-and-spoke network or the line network.Roundtrip and bundling design are interrelated policy fields: an acceleration of the roundtrip speed, often desirable from the cost point of view, can often only be carried out customer friendly, if the transport frequency is increased. But often the flow size is not sufficient for a higher frequency. Then a change of bundling model can be an outcome.Complex bundling networks are known to have longer average distances and times, the latter also due to the presence of additional intermediate exchange nodes. However, this disadvantage is – inside the limits of maximal vehicle sizes – overruled by the advantage of a restricted number of network links. Therefore generally, complex bundling networks have shorter total vehicle distances and times. This expression of economies of scale implies lower vehicle costs per load unit.The last part of the paper presents door-to-door times of load units of complex bundling networks and compares them with unimodal road transport. The times of complex bundling networks are larger than that of networks with direct connections, but nevertheless competitive with unimodal road transport, except for short distances.     

铁道车辆板梁结构多方案对比分析

为合理处理铁道车辆车体上的板梁组合结构,解决车体结构分析中典型的板梁偏心连接问题,构建了偏心节点的节点位移关系式,利用APDL语言实现了批量约束方程的施加;并根据ANSYS软件中梁单元、板单元、实体单元的基本特征构造了5种板梁组合结构模型,对它们进行了有限元分析及对比.研究结果表明:对于同一典型的板梁结构,用板梁偏心组合建模(单点约束)方案得到的模型与用实体建模方案得到的模型有限元分析结果比较接近,用全板壳建模的两种方案均相对实体单元模型约束稍强,而用板梁偏心组合建模(双点约束)方案得到的模型则约束过强;同时采用板梁组合建模的模型单元数和节点数相对较少,可以节省计算机时,降低计算费用.     

基于线性诱导的公路隧道入口区域交通安全优化研究

为达到驾驶人早发现隧道洞门、早适应环境变化、早决策驾驶行为的目的，通过分析隧道入口区域行车环境下的视距视区与交通安全问题，借鉴常见的线条形视线诱导设施（如反光环、反光条、弹性交通柱等），构建隧道线性诱导系统，并提出基于线性诱导的隧道入口区域改善方法。另外，通过室内模拟试验，采集白天与夜间环境下注视点的位置数据； 将注视区域分为5类，并分析注视点在各区域的视觉转移特性，评价隧道入口区域改善前后的效果。结果表明： 1）隧道线性诱导系统具备形式多样、较大尺寸、可以勾勒轮廓、发光分散等特点，同时可以以低成本提升隧道光环境的安全性。2）隧道入口区域改善前，驾驶人的注视点以较大概率出现在前方近处。3）改善后，驾驶人的注视点以较大的概率出现在前方远处，表明改善方案使得驾驶人的视距充足； 改善后注视点在主要分布区域的注视概率变动比改善前更为缓和，表明驾驶人的视区变化得到缓解。     

基于预期偏移距离的人机权值分配策略研究

针对智能车辆横向运动控制中驾驶员和辅助系统的控制权限冲突问题,本文中提出一种人机权值分配策略。采用车辆在预瞄点处的预期偏移距离(PDLC)衡量车道偏离危险度,预期偏移距离通过对预瞄偏差修正获取。权值分配函数设计时以PDLC为自变量,以保证驾驶员的权值为优先控制目标,以一定的横向运动控制精度为先决条件。在CarSim/Simulink联合仿真平台和CarSim/Labview RT硬件在环实验台上对提出的控制策略进行了实验验证和数据分析。结果表明,采用权值分配策略协调驾驶员和辅助系统的控制,可在有效跟踪理想道路中心线的前提下保证驾驶员的控制权值,降低其工作负荷以及纠正驾驶员的误操作行为。     

欠驱动船舶路径跟踪的神经滑模控制

为实现欠驱动船舶在存在风浪流外界干扰和参数摄动条件下的路径跟踪控制,提出一种基于可视距离的神经滑模路径跟踪鲁棒控制器。利用可视距离思想,根据期望路径与当前位置信息,分别设计船舶纵向速度和艏摇角的参考值,并视为镇定位置误差的虚拟控制律,将路径跟踪问题转化为纵向速度和艏摇角的镇定问题;结合神经网络和滑模方法,设计一种新的神经滑模鲁棒控制器,实现了对虚拟控制律的跟踪控制,无需确定参数摄动和外界干扰的上界,避免了控制器容易出现的饱和问题和抖振现象。仿真试验表明,设计的控制器对欠驱动船舶的模型摄动和外界干扰变化不敏感,可以实现路径的理想跟踪。