Shifting from car to active transport: A systematic review of the effectiveness of interventions

IntroductionA promising way to stimulate physical activity is to promote the choice for active modes of transport (walking and cycling). Over the past years, several interventions and policies have been implemented to stimulate this mode shift. However, information concerning the effectiveness of these interventions and policies is still limited. The aim of the present study was to systematically review the effectiveness of interventions designed to stimulate a shift from car use to cycling or walking and to obtain insight into the intervention tools that have been used to promote and/or implement these interventions.MethodsFive databases were searched and articles published in English, Dutch, German, Danish, Norwegian and Swedish were included. Only studies that focussed on a mode shift from car use towards active transport in a general adult population, which were published in peer reviewed journals and which investigated effectiveness were included. Intervention tools used were categorized by using the model of Hoogerwerf & Herweijer, as either legal, economic (subsidy, reward system, penalty), communicative (written materials, behavioural tools) and physical tools (providing bicycles, providing better bicycle facilities at work, adjustment of the environment).ResultsNineteen studies met our inclusion criteria. Studies included described work-place-based interventions, architectural and urbanistic adjustments, population-wide interventions, and bicycle-renting systems. Nearly all studies (except three) showed positive effects concerning a mode shift. Most of the included studies used more than one intervention tool and the tools used differed between types of interventions. However, information about the statistical significance of these results was often lacking and the study methodologies used were not of high quality.ConclusionNearly all studies showed results in a positive direction. However, the quality of the included studies was mostly low and intervention characteristics were poorly described.     

西南地区山岭隧道自动化变形监测技术的效益分析

为了更好地指导山岭隧道变形监测技术选用，提高监测效率并节约成本,从技术和经济效益2个方面对比分析人工监测和自动化监测，阐述各监测方式的技术性和经济性特征，总结不同应用条件下应优先选用的监测技术类型，并提出一套可行的变形监测技术选用程序。研究成果可为现阶段西南地区隧道工程变形监测技术类型选用提供参考。     

客运专线现浇梁膺架施工方案探讨

研究目的:以武广客运专线现浇梁为载体,研究膺架施工方案在工期、安全效益等方面对于客运专线现浇梁的适应性。研究结果:对于工期要求较紧的情况,膺架施工有其明显的资金投人少、施工技术难度低、灵活、简单、周转速度快的优点,具有很强的现场适应性。     

ZPW-2000A自动闭塞模拟试验

以成功应用于京沪线提速工程中的自动闭塞系统为例,介绍了ZPW-2000A的试验流程和模拟试验方法,并针对ZPW-2000A特有的小轨道探讨了模拟方案.     

山岭重丘区高速公路预制梁场设置方案的比选

结合银武国道主干线湖北省境十堰至漫川关高速公路梁场设置实例，介绍了两种预制梁场的设置方案，并对这两种方案进行技术经济比选。     

津滨轻轨常用跨度桥梁结构型式的选择

津滨轻轨工程近 40km采用高架桥梁 ,选定合理的桥梁结构型式至关重要。根据工程及现场的实际情况 ,明确桥型选择原则 ,同时提出 7种桥型结构 ,分别论述其各自的技术特点 ;并结合地基基础实际情况 ,全面进行技术经济比较 ,提出推荐的桥梁结构类型     

中国港口投资经济环境与机遇分析

本文从港口腹地、区域经济发展状况和港口城市影响力三个层面分析了我国港口投资环境,并主要从投资机遇的角度分析了我国主要港口群,对政府和企业投资我国港口进行决策具有一定的参考价值。     

沈大高速公路对沿线城市发展的影响分析

以沈大高速公路为研究对象,采用统计学与经济学相结合的方法,研究其建成到投入使用以来对沿线城市发展的影响,即对沿线城市三大产业结构、农副产品的结构、城镇化建设进程的影响。研究结果表明,高速公路对沿线城市经济发展具有两次波动性;对农副产品的运输方式选择具有持续性;对沿线城镇化的建设具有诱导性;对沿线城市工业的发展具有滞后效应;对城镇化的建设具有深度局限性。     

关于公路建设项目经济评价的几点思考

经济评价是通过财务评价和国民经济评价,分析项目的经济合理性和财务合理性,并作为项目是否建设的重要决定要素之一。交通量预测、评价指标的选取、征地补偿费用与土地机会成本、国民经济效益等计量的正确与否将直接影响项目经济评价的结果。     

Induced traffic and economic appraisal

Economic appraisal of major roads in the UK is based on a set of standard procedures and conventions. A central assumption has been that the volume and pattern of traffic in any given year is independent of the quality of service offered by the network — the fixed trip matrix assumption. Failing to consider induced traffic can have serious consequences for the accuracy and robustness of the measured traffic benefits from road improvements. Assessment of the wider economic benefits of roads, which is an important political imperative for road investment, is also made more difficult. Two conclusions are reached. Variable trip matrix methods need to be introduced for the appraisal of major road schemes, and scheme appraisal needs to be complemented by a more strategic area-wide approach to evaluation. In responding to its advisory committee (SACTRA), the UK Department of Transport has accepted the first of these conclusions and is cautiously favourable to the second.