斯德哥尔摩的拥挤收费政策——政策实施5年后的效果、接受度及经验启示

根据2006年拥挤收费政策试运行结束后的公民投票结果,2007年,斯德哥尔摩正式实施了该政策。讨论了其至2011年6月首个5年内的政策实施效果。结果表明,受到外部因素影响,由收费引起的交通减少量随时间推移稍有增加。2008年的清洁汽车免税措施可显著提高销售量。结合最新研究成果和瑞典的经验,讨论了公众接受度和政治接受度。得到的结论是：拥挤收费对交通系统的主客观影响,以及环境和政治态度,是公众支持拥挤收费的基础;同时,为了获得政治支持,必须要进行体制改革、解决权力问题。最后,简要讨论了拥挤收费的实施对瑞典交通规划进程的可能影响。     

加筋土等效附加力弹性薄板法

将加筋土等效为弹性薄板,将筋材作用等效为附加力。提出了等效附加力与弹性薄板理论相结合对加筋土结构进行安全性预测与设计计算的方法。     

中国铁路网的拓扑特性

从铁路的基础设施、停靠站点及系统换乘3个方面构建了物理网、运输网和换乘网3种网络模型,运用统计分析的方法分析了它们的拓扑特性.统计结果显示：铁路物理网的平均聚集系数近似为零,多数节点的度数为3,遭受突发事件,很容易造成不连通.铁路运输网大部分节点度数为2,平均经过12.49个车站到达目的地,铁路换乘网具有较大的平均聚集系数和较小的平均最短距离,该网络是具有无标度性质的小世界网络.文中给出了重要节点的标定方法,并运用此方法标定了中国铁路网的重要节点.在此基础上,分析了在不同攻击情况下的网络弹性,结果显示铁路换乘网对于随机攻击具有很好的容错性.     

Personal tradable carbon permits for road transport: Why, why not and who wins?

Personal road transport sector poses a significant challenge in reducing carbon emissions. This paper evaluates a policy approach known as personal tradable carbon permits to reduce carbon emissions from personal vehicles. The policy is a downstream tradable permit where individuals are allocated carbon emission caps. The policy is qualitatively evaluated in the context of carbon taxes and some upstream tradable permit options. The biggest disadvantage of such a policy is the initial set up costs. Personal tradable permits, however, are more effective than carbon taxes and are also capable of stabilizing the gasoline prices faced by the consumers when the underlying oil prices fluctuate. Since equity effects are often a concern to policy makers, the effect of such personal carbon permits on the distribution of burden is quantified in a partial equilibrium framework for the US population. Different permit allocation strategies are investigated in this regard. Using US consumer expenditure survey data, and incorporating a differentiated price response for different households, we find that all three allocation strategies considered are progressive: a per adult based allocation is the most progressive, a per vehicle allocation nearer to proportional, and a per capita allocation in between the two. Personal tradable permits therefore take care of equity concerns directly through the design of the policy.     

峰前折扣票价下轨道交通乘客出发时间弹性

以北京地铁峰前折扣票价政策为背景,利用自动售检票数据研究折扣票价对乘客出发时间的影响. 首先,从“消费行为”视角建立客观的分类指标并对客运市场进行细分;其次,以较长时期内出发时间中位数为指标,基于“事前-事后对比法”对出发时间发生转移的乘客进行辨识;最后,准确测定不同类型乘客出发时间对票价变动的敏感程度. 结果显示：乘客出发时间票价弹性随转移时长增加而急剧下降,30 min 几乎是乘客所能接受的最大转移时长;通勤类乘客弹性最低,低频及生活类乘客相对富有弹性;限制当前折扣票价政策效果的主要因素在于折扣截止时间过早.该研究能够为差别定价方案编制及优化提供关键参数.     

中山市长江大桥蝴蝶拱桥空间稳定性分析

广东省中山市的长江大桥为蝴蝶拱桥。其造型新颖独特,受力复杂,对其进行稳定分析十分必要。采用ANSYS程序,建立了空间杆系有限元计算模型,并对其进行了第一类和第二类空间稳定性分析,对每一种模型分别进行线弹性和几何非线性计算,得到了一些重要结论。对该类桥梁的建设具有一定的借鉴作用。     

支承形式对机体台架可靠性试验验证的影响

发动机机体不但承受着燃气爆发压力、旋转及往复惯性力的作用,而且外负载的反扭矩通过台架系统与发动机支承作用于机体。采用有限元结构强度和刚度计算分析的手段,通过一种典型机体故障模式的分析,阐述了在台架试验系统中不同支承形式对机体可靠性试验验证的影响。     

Modal split and urban public transport management in an Eastern European country

When public transport is the main means of travel in urban areas, management and planning are easy and the main objective can be to minimise costs for the demand available, i.e. maximise profit. However when public transport faces competition from other modes of transport, and activities can be undertaken in a variety of locations, then the management and planning of public transport services is considerably more difficult.This paper examines a methodology for representing consumer behaviour when faced with alternative travel decisions, in order to identify the demand for public transport and to help operators adjust services and prices to maximise demand, when considering people's disposable income, the alternative modes and activity locations available. From this it is possible to devise criteria for maximising consumer surplus in a city, taking into account social benefits.     

机电式TPMS传感器的初探及改进

介绍机电式轮胎压力监视系统TPMS传感器的工作原理,指出该传感器在使用过程中出现的设计缺陷,针对该缺陷改进传感器结构。     

强迫应变法在混凝土桥梁徐变分析中的应用

根据积分中值定理,利用时间段中点时间徐变系数推导了有效弹性模量计算公式,以替代传统的老化系数方法;并视徐变应变为强迫应变,推导了节段施工桥梁徐变分析的有限元方法。有限元列式直接用应力的方式给出,以适应桥梁的三维空间有限元的需要。最后通过一座逐跨施工的混凝土连续梁桥算例验证了方法的可行性。